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Permic
The Permic or Permian languages are a branch of the Uralic language family. They are spoken in several regions to the west of the Ural Mountains within the Russian Federation. The total number of speakers is around 950,000, of which around 550,000 speak the most widely spoken language, Udmurt. Like other Uralic languages, the Permic languages are primarily agglutinative and have a rich system of grammatical cases. Unlike many other agglutinative languages, they do not have vowel harmony. The earliest Permic language to be preserved in writing was Old Permic or Old Zyryan, in the 14th century. Classification The extant Permic languages are: * Udmurt (Votyak) * Komi (Zyryan) * Permyak (Komi-Permyak) * Yazva (Komi-Yazva) The Permic languages have traditionally been classified as Finno-Permic languages, along with the Finnic, Saami, Mordvin, and Mari languages. The Finno-Permic and Ugric languages together made up the Finno-Ugric family. However, this taxonomy has more recen ...
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Uralic Languages
The Uralic languages ( ), sometimes called the Uralian languages ( ), are spoken predominantly in Europe and North Asia. The Uralic languages with the most native speakers are Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian. Other languages with speakers above 100,000 are Erzya, Moksha, Mari, Udmurt and Komi spoken in the European parts of the Russian Federation. Still smaller minority languages are Sámi languages of the northern Fennoscandia; other members of the Finnic languages, ranging from Livonian in northern Latvia to Karelian in northwesternmost Russia; the Samoyedic languages and the others of members of the Ugric languages, Mansi and Khanty spoken in Western Siberia. The name ''Uralic'' derives from the family's purported "original homeland" (''Urheimat'') hypothesized to have been somewhere in the vicinity of the Ural Mountains, and was first proposed by Julius Klaproth in ''Asia Polyglotta'' (1823). Finno-Ugric is sometimes used as a synonym for Uralic but more accu ...
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Finno-Permic Languages
The Finno-Permic or Finno-Permian languages, sometimes just Finnic languages, are a proposed subdivision of the Uralic languages which comprise the Finnic languages, Balto-Finnic languages, Sámi languages, Mordvinic languages, Mari language, Permic languages and likely a number of extinct languages. In the traditional taxonomy of the Uralic languages, Finno-Permic is estimated to have split from Finno-Ugric languages, Finno-Ugric around 3000–2500 BC, and branched into Permic languages and Finno-Volgaic languages around 2000 BC. Nowadays the validity of the group as a taxonomical entity is being questioned, and the interrelationships of its five branches are debated with little consensus. The term ''Finnic languages'' has often been used to designate all the Finno-Permic languages, with the term ''Balto-Finnic'' used to disambiguate the Finnic languages proper. However, in many works, ''Finnic'' refers to the Baltic-Finnic languages alone. Subclassification The subclassificatio ...
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Proto-Uralic Language
Proto-Uralic is the unattested reconstructed language ancestral to the modern Uralic language family. The reconstructed language is thought to have been originally spoken in a small area in about 7000–2000 BCE (estimates vary), and then expanded across northern Eurasia, gradually diverging into a dialect continuum and then a language family in the process. The location of the area or Urheimat is not known, and various strongly differing proposals have been put forward, such as the Central Russian Upland, but the vicinity of the Ural Mountains is generally viewed as the most likely. Early descendants According to the traditional binary tree model, Proto-Uralic diverged into Proto-Samoyedic and Proto-Finno-Ugric. However, reconstructed Proto-Finno-Ugric differs little from Proto-Uralic, and many apparent differences follow from the methods used. Thus, Proto-Finno-Ugric may not be separate from Proto-Uralic. Another reconstruction of the split of Proto-Uralic has three br ...
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Komi Language
Komi (, ), also known as Zyran, Zyrian or Komi-Zyryan (),. is the native language of the Komi (Zyrians). It is one of the Permian languages; the other regional varieties are Komi-Permyak, which has official status, and Komi-Yazva. Komi is spoken in the Komi Republic and other parts of Russia such as Nenetsia and Yamalia. There were 285,000 speakers in 1994, which decreased to 160,000 in 2010. It was formerly written in the Old Permic script created by Stephen of Perm for liturgical purposes in the 14th century, though very few texts exist in this script. The Cyrillic script was introduced by Russian missionaries in the 17th century, replacing it. A tradition of secular works of literature in the modern form of the language dates back to the 19th century. Dialects Komi has ten dialects: Syktyvkardin ( Sysola), Lower Ežva (Vychegda), Central Ežva (Vychegda), Upper Ežva (Vychegda), Luz-let, Upper Sysola, Pećöra, Iźva, Vym, and Udora dialects. Syktyvkardin is s ...
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Finno-Ugric Languages
Finno-Ugric () is a traditional linguistic grouping of all languages in the Uralic language family except for the Samoyedic languages. Its once commonly accepted status as a subfamily of Uralic is based on criteria formulated in the 19th century and is criticized by contemporary linguists such as Tapani Salminen and Ante Aikio. The three most spoken Uralic languages, Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian, are all included in Finno-Ugric. The term ''Finno-Ugric'', which originally referred to the entire family, is occasionally used as a synonym for the term ''Uralic'', which includes the Samoyedic languages, as commonly happens when a language family is expanded with further discoveries. Before the 20th century, the language family might be referred to as ''Finnish'', ''Ugric'', ''Finno-Hungarian'' or with a variety of other names. The name ''Finno-Ugric'' came into general use in the late 19th or early 20th century. Status The validity of Finno-Ugric as a phylogenic grouping is ...
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Udmurt Language
Udmurt (; Cyrillic: Удмурт) is a Permic languages, Permic language spoken by the Udmurt people who are native to Udmurtia. As a Uralic languages, Uralic language, it is distantly related to languages such as Finnish language, Finnish, Estonian language, Estonian, Mansi language, Mansi, Khanty language, Khanty, and Hungarian language, Hungarian. The Udmurt language is co-official with Russian language, Russian within Udmurtia. It is written using the Cyrillic alphabet with the addition of five characters not used in the Russian alphabet: Ӝ/ӝ, Ӟ/ӟ, Ӥ/ӥ, Ӧ/ӧ, and Ӵ/ӵ. Together with the Komi language, Komi and Komi-Permyak language, Permyak languages, it constitutes the Permic grouping of the Uralic Language family, family. The Udmurt language shares similar Agglutination, agglutinative structures with its closest relative, the Komi language. Among outsiders, it has traditionally been referred to by its Russian exonym, Votyak. Udmurt has borrowed vocabulary from neighbor ...
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Komi-Permyak Language
Komi-Permyak (, , or , ), also known as Permyak, is one of two Permic varieties in the Uralic language family that form a pluricentric language, the other being Komi-Zyryan. Udmurt is another Permic language spoken outside of the region and not a member of the Komi pluricentric language. The Komi-Permyak language, spoken in Perm Krai of Russia and written using the Komi Cyrillic alphabet, was co-official with Russian in the Komi-Permyak Okrug of Perm Krai. Glottonym The original name of the Komi-Permyak language is ''коми кыв'' "Komi language", identical with the native name of the Komi-Zyryan language. In the 1920s, the Soviet authorities introduced the new name for the Komi language in the Perm Region as ''коми-пермяцкий язык'', the Komi-Permian language, combining the native name of the language with the Russian one. The new name was transliterated in Komi as ''коми-пермяцкöй кыв'' 'Komi-Permyak language'. In this way, the local ...
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Komi-Yazva Language
The Komi-Yazva language (коми-ёдз көл, ''komi-jodz kål'') is a Permic language closely related to Komi-Zyrian and Permyak, native to and spoken mostly in Krasnovishersky District of Perm Krai in Russia, in the basin of the Yazva (Yodz) River. It has no official status. It is the most divergent of all the Komi varieties. About two thousand speakers densely live in Krasnovishersky District. Studies Availability of the particular vowels together with features of phonetics and stress system led Finnish linguist Arvid Genetz in 1889 to consider Komi-Yazva as a separate dialect. Later, this decision was confirmed by the famous Finno-Ugricist Vasily Lytkin, who studied the Komi-Yazva idiom in depth from 1949 until 1953. Some researchers consider it to be a dialect of the Komi-Permyak language. Geographical distribution In the early 1960s, about 2,000 speakers lived compactly on the territory of Krasnovishersky District of Perm Krai (Antipinskaya, Parshakovskaya, ...
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Udmurts
The Udmurts (, ) are a Permian (Finno-Ugric) ethnic group in Eastern Europe, who speak the Udmurt language. They mainly live in the republic of Udmurtia in Russia. Etymology The name ''Udmurt'' comes from * 'meadow people,' where the first part represents the Permic root * meaning 'meadow, glade, turf, greenery'. The second part, ''murt'', means 'person' (cf. Komi , Mari , Mordvin ''mirď-''), probably an early borrowing from an Iranian language (such as Scythian): * or * meaning 'person, man' (cf. Persian ). This, in turn, is thought to have been borrowed from the Indo-Aryan term * 'man', literally 'mortal, one who is bound to die' (< 'to die'), compare 'young warrior' and Old Indic 'chariot warrior', both co ...
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Komi Peoples
The Komi ( also ) are a Permians, Permian ethnic group who are indigenous to, and primarily inhabit a region around the basins of the Vychegda, Pechora River, Pechora and Kama river, Kama rivers in northeastern European Russia. They mostly reside in the Komi Republic, Perm Krai, Murmansk Oblast, Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug, and Nenets Autonomous Okrug in the Russia, Russian Federation. Name There have been at least three names for the Komi: ''Permyaks'' (), ''Zyrians'' (), and ''Komi'' (). The name ''Permyaks'' first appeared in Russian sources in the 10th century and came from the ancient name of the land between the Mezen River, Mezen and Pechora River, Pechora rivers – ''Perm'' or ''Great Perm'' (). Several origins of the name have been proposed, but the most accepted is from Veps language, Veps '''' "back, outer or far-away land". In Old Norse and Old English, it was known as ''Bjarmaland'' and '''' respectively, but those Germanic names designate a wider area than the R ...
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Ugric Languages
The Ugric or Ugrian languages ( or ) are a branch of the Uralic language family. Ugric includes three subgroups: Hungarian, Khanty, and Mansi. The latter two are traditionally considered to be single languages, though they are sometimes considered to be small subdivisions of the Ugric language family due to considerable dialectical differences. A common Proto-Ugric language is posited to have been spoken from the end of the 3rd millennium BC until the first half of the 1st millennium BC, in Western Siberia, east of the southern Ural Mountains. Of the three languages, Khanty and Mansi have sometimes been set apart from Hungarian as Ob-Ugric, though features uniting Mansi and Hungarian in particular are known as well. The name Ugric is derived from ''ugry'' (), a Russian exonym of the Magyars (Hungarians) and also the name of the historical northern Russian region of Yugra. A connection between these words was first suggested in the beginning of 16th ...
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