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Patiṉeṇkīḻkaṇakku
The Eighteen Lesser Texts, known as the Patiṉeṇkīḻkaṇakku () in the literature, is a collection of eighteen poetic works mostly created during the 'post Sangam period' (between 100 and 500 CE). The poems of this collection differ from the earlier works of the Eighteen Greater Texts (''Patiṉeṇmēlkaṇakku''), which are the oldest surviving Tamil poetry, in that the poems are written in the venpa meter and are relatively short in length. Naladiyar, having sung by 400 poets, is the only anthology in this collection. Each of the remaining works of the Eighteen Lesser Texts is sung by a single poet. Unlike the works of the Eighteen Greater Texts, most of the books of the Eighteen Lesser Texts deal with morals and ethics. Works of the "Eighteen lesser books" collection The Eighteen Lesser Texts contains the following books: * ''Nālaṭiyār'' * '' Nāṉmaṇikkaṭikai'' * '' Iṉṉā Nāṟpatu'' * '' Iṉiyavai Nāṟpatu'' * '' Kār Nāṟpatu'' * '' Kaḷava� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nālaṭiyār
The Nālaṭiyār () is a Tamil poetic work of didactic nature belonging to the Eighteen Lesser Texts (''Patiṉeṇkīḻkaṇakku'') anthology of Tamil literature. This belongs to the post Sangam period corresponding to between 100 and 500 CE. ''Nālaṭiyār'' contains 400 poems, each containing four lines. Every poem deals with morals and ethics, extolling righteous behaviour. Etymology The term ''Naladiyar'' is derived from the Tamil terms ''Naalu'', a colloquial form of ''Naangu'' meaning “four”, ''adi'' meaning metrical feet or poetic metre, and ''aar'' referring to a honorific suffix. Thus ''Naladiyar'' refers to the work that contains four-lined verse. The work is also termed ''Naaladi Naanooru'', sometimes spelled ''Naladi Nannurru'', meaning "four hundred quatrains," since it has 400 verses in total. Didactic nature ''Nālaṭiyār'' was composed by Jain monks. It is an anthology in the venba metre and is pessimistic in its outlook. It is divided into three ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sangam Period
The Sangam literature ( Tamil: சங்க இலக்கியம், ''caṅka ilakkiyam''), historically known as 'the poetry of the noble ones' ( Tamil: சான்றோர் செய்யுள், ''Cāṉṟōr ceyyuḷ''), connotes the early classical Tamil literature and is the earliest known literature of South India. The Tamil tradition links it to legendary literary gatherings around Madurai in the ancient Pandya kingdom. It is generally accepted by most scholars that the historical Sangam literature era, also known as the Sangam period, spanned from 100 BCE to 250 CE, on the basis of linguistic, epigraphic, archaeological, numismatic and historical data; though some scholars give a broader range of 300 BCE to 300 CE. The Eighteen Greater Texts (Patiṉeṇmēlkaṇakku), along with the Tamil grammar work Tolkappiyam, are collectively considered as Sangam literature. These texts are classified into the Ettuttokai (Eight Anthologies) and Pattupattu (T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tirukkuṛaḷ
The ''Tirukkuṟaḷ'' (), or shortly the ''Kural'' (), is a classic Tamil language text on commoner's morality consisting of 1,330 short couplets, or kurals, of seven words each. The text is divided into three books with aphoristic teachings on virtue ( ''aram''), wealth ( ''porul'') and love ( ''inbam''), respectively. It is widely acknowledged for its universality and secular nature. Its authorship is traditionally attributed to Valluvar, also known in full as Thiruvalluvar. The text has been dated variously from 300 BCE to 5th century CE. The traditional accounts describe it as the last work of the third Sangam, but linguistic analysis suggests a later date of 450 to 500 CE and that it was composed after the Sangam period. The Kural text is among the earliest systems of Indian epistemology and metaphysics. The work is traditionally praised with epithets and alternative titles, including "the Tamil Veda" and "the Divine Book." Written on the ideas of ''ahimsa'', it e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sangam Literature
The Sangam literature (Tamil language, Tamil: சங்க இலக்கியம், ''caṅka ilakkiyam''), historically known as 'the poetry of the noble ones' (Tamil language, Tamil: சான்றோர் செய்யுள், ''Cāṉṟōr ceyyuḷ''), connotes the early classical Tamil literature and is the earliest known literature of South India. The Tamil tradition links it to Legendary Tamil Sangams, legendary literary gatherings around Madurai in the ancient Pandya dynasty, Pandya kingdom. It is generally accepted by most scholars that the historical Sangam literature era, also known as the Sangam period, spanned from 100 BCE to 250 CE, on the basis of linguistic, epigraphic, archaeological, numismatic and historical data; though some scholars give a broader range of 300 BCE to 300 CE. The Eighteen Greater Texts (Patiṉeṇmēlkaṇakku), along with the Tamil grammar work Tolkāppiyam, Tolkappiyam, are collectively considered as Sangam literature. These tex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nāṉmaṇikkaṭikai
Nāṉmaṇikkaṭikai () is a Tamil poetic work of didactic nature belonging to the Eighteen Lesser Texts (''Patiṉeṇkīḻkaṇakku'') anthology of Tamil literature. This belongs to the 'post Sangam period corresponding to between 100 and 500 CE. ''Nanmanikkatigai'' contains one hundred songs written by the poet Vilambi Naganaar. This poetic work is famous for its clarity and easy readability and is often a prescribed text for schools in Tamil Nadu. The poems of ''Nanmanikkatigai'' are written in the Venpa Venpa or Venba ('' வெண்பா'' in Tamil) is a form of classical Tamil poetry. Classical Tamil poetry has been classified based upon the rules of metric prosody. Such rules form a context-free grammar. Every venba consists of between tw ... meter. The poems of ''Nāṉmaṇikkaṭikai'' each contain four different ideas. The name ''Nāṉmaṇikkaṭikai'' denotes this fact comparing the four ideas to four well-chosen gems adorning each poem. The following poe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aintiṇai Aimpatu
Ainthinai Aimpathu (Tamil: ஐந்திணை ஐம்பது) is a Tamil poetic work belonging to the Eighteen Lesser Texts (''Patiṉeṇkīḻkaṇakku'') anthology of Tamil literature. This belongs to the 'post Sangam period' corresponding to between 100 – 500 CE. ''Ainthinai Aimpathu'' contains fifty poems written by the poet Māṟaṉ Poṟaiyaṉār. The poems of, ''Ainthinai Aimpathu'', deal with the ''agam'' (internal) subjects. ''Agam'' in the Sangam literature denotes the subject matters that deal with the intangibles of life such as human emotions, love, separation, lovers' quarrels, etc. The poems of ''Ainthinai Aimpathu'' are categories into ten poems for each of the five ''thinai'', or landscape A landscape is the visible features of an area of land, its landforms, and how they integrate with natural or human-made features, often considered in terms of their aesthetic appeal.''New Oxford American Dictionary''. A landscape includes th ... of Sangam p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aintinai Eḻupatu
Aintinai Eḻupatu (), is a Tamil poetic work belonging to the Eighteen Lesser Texts (''Patiṉeṇkīḻkaṇakku'') anthology of Tamil literature, belonging to the post- Sangam period corresponding to between 100–500 CE. ''Aintinai Eḻupatu'' contains seventy poems written by the poet Muvathiyaar. The poems of ''Aintinai Eḻupatu'' deals with the subjective (''agam'') concepts. ''Agam'' in the Sangam literature denotes the subject matters that deal with the intangibles of life such as human emotions, love, separation, lovers' quarrels, etc. The poems of ''Aintinai Eḻupatu'' are categorised into fourteen poems for each of the five ''thinai'', or landscape A landscape is the visible features of an area of land, its landforms, and how they integrate with natural or human-made features, often considered in terms of their aesthetic appeal.''New Oxford American Dictionary''. A landscape includes th ... of Sangam poetry and describe in detail the situation and emotions ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kainnilai
Kainnilai (Tamil:கைந்நிலை), and Innilai (Tamil:இன்னிலை) are Tamil poetic works belonging to the Eighteen Lesser Texts (''Pathinenkilkanakku'') anthology of Tamil literature. These two books together form the eighteenth book in the anthology, belonging to the 'post Sangam period' corresponding to between 100 and 500 CE. ''Kainnilai'' contains sixty poems written by the poet Pullangkaathanaar(புல்லங்காட) and ''Innilai'' contains 45 poems and was written by the poet Poigayaar(பொய்கையார). The poems of ''Innilai'' deal with the ethical concepts of ''aram'' – propriety, ''porul'' – wealth, ''inpam'' – love and ''veedu'' – salvation. In this respect it is similar to ''Tirukkural'' which also concerns with these concepts. ''Kainnilai'' is available in a much-damaged condition with many of its poems only partially available. ''Kainnilai'' deals with the subjective (''agam'') concepts. ''Agam'' in the Sangam li ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elāti
Elathi is a Tamil poetic work of didactic nature belonging to the Eighteen Lesser Texts (''Pathinenkilkanakku'') anthology of Tamil literature. This belongs to the 'post Sangam period' corresponding to between 100 and 500 CE. ''Elathi'' contains 80 poems written by the poet Kani Methaviyar. The poems of ''Elathi'' are written in the Venpa meter. ''Elathi'' uses the analogy of the traditional herbal medicine known as ''elathi'' which uses six herbs such as ''elam'' ( cardamom), ''ilavanka pattai'' (cinnamon), ''naagakesaram'' (made from the stamens of the Ceylon ironwood), ''milagu'' (black pepper), ''thippili'' ( long pepper), and ''sukku'' (dried ginger Ginger (''Zingiber officinale'') is a flowering plant whose rhizome, ginger root or ginger, is widely used as a spice and a folk medicine. It is an herbaceous perennial that grows annual pseudostems (false stems made of the rolled bases of l ...). ''Elathi'' similarly uses six different maxims to illustrate correct ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mutumoḻikkānci
Muthumozhikkanchi (Tamil: முதுமொழிக்காஞ்சி) is a Tamil poetic work of didactic nature belonging to the Eighteen Lesser Texts (''Pathinenkilkanakku'') anthology of Tamil literature. This belongs to the 'post Sangam period' corresponding to between 100 and 500 CE. ''Muthumozhikkanchi'' contains 100 poems written by the poet Mathuraikkoodalaar Kilaar who must have lived in Madurai Madurai ( , , ), formerly known as Madura, is a major city in the States and union territories of India, Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is the cultural capital of Tamil Nadu and the administrative headquarters of Madurai District, which is .... The poems of ''Muthumozhikkanchi'' are divided into ten groups of ten poems each and employs simple poetic style to enable the lay person to understand the messages. All the poems start with the same phrase - ஆர்கலி உலகத்து மக்கட் கெல்லாம் ("For all the people of this w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ciṟupañcamūlam
Ciṟupañcamūlam (Siruppanchamulam) (Tamil: சிறுபஞ்சமூலம்) is a Tamil poetic work of didactic nature belonging to the Eighteen Lesser Texts (''Pathinenkilkanakku'') anthology of Tamil literature. This belongs to the 'post Sangam period' corresponding to between 100 – 500 CE. ''Siruppanchamulam'' contains 100 poems written by the poet Kariyaasaan. He was probably a Jain by religious persuasion. This and the fact that he was a student of one Makkayanaar is known from the introductory poem of this book. The poems of ''Siruppanchamulam'' are written in the Venpa meter. Siruppanchamulam uses the analogy of the traditional herbal medicine, which uses the roots of the five herbs ''kandankatthiri'' (a plant of the nightshade family – ''Solanum xanthocarpum''), ''siruvzhuthunai'', ''sirumalli'', ''perumalli'', and ''nerunji'' (a thorny prostrate plant – ''Tribulus terrestris ''Tribulus terrestris'' is an annual plant in the caltrop family (Zygop ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paḻamoḻi Nāṉūṟu
Paḻamoḻi Nāṉūṟu (Tamil: பழமொழி நானூறு) is a Tamil poetic work of didactic nature belonging to the Eighteen Lesser Texts (''Pathinenkilkanakku'') anthology of Tamil literature. This belongs to the 'post Sangam period' corresponding to between 100 and 500 CE. ''Paḻamoḻi Nāṉūṟu'' contains 400 poems written by the poet Munrurai Araiyanaar, a Jain. The poems of ''Paḻamoḻi Nāṉūṟu'' are written in the Venpa meter. ''Paḻamoḻi Nāṉūṟu'' employs old Tamil proverbs to illustrate its messages. The following poem uses the adage that it is impossible to straighten the tail of a dog, as it impossible to control the unchaste mind of a girl by throwing her in prison. நிறையான் மிகுகலா நேரிழை யாரைச் சிறையான் அகப்படுத்தல் ஆகா - அறையோ வருந்த வலிதினின் யாப்பினும் நாய்வ� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
