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Papinian
Aemilius Papinianus (; ; 142 CE–212 CE), simply rendered as Papinian () in English, was a celebrated Roman jurist, ''magister libellorum'', attorney general (''advocatus fisci'') and, after the death of Gaius Fulvius Plautianus in 205 CE, praetorian prefect. Papinian was one of the most revered jurists in ancient Rome, as third year law students were given the title "''Papinianistae''" (meaning "they that are worthy to study Papinian"). In his time, he had been called "the Asylum of Right and Treasurer of the Laws". Along with Gaius, Paulus, Modestinus and Ulpian, he was made one of the five jurists whose recorded views were considered decisive by the Law of Citations of 426 CE; their views would later be considered the only suitable ones to be cited as primary sources for the '' Codex Theodosianus'' and the '' Corpus Juris Civilis'', provided that Papinian's views prevailed whenever those of the four other jurists were not congruent. The 16th century French jurist Ja ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Law Of Citations
The Law of Citations (''Lex citationum'') was a Roman law issued from Ravenna in AD 426 by the emperor Valentinian III, or rather by his regent mother, Galla Placidia Augusta, to the Senate and the people of Rome, and it was included in both Theodosius II's law compilation of 438 (''Codex Theodosianus'' 1, 4, 3) and the first edition of the ''Codex Justinianus''. Aim It was designed to help judges deal with vast amounts of jurist writings on a subject and thus to reach a decision. According to the legal historian Alan Watson, "This Law of Citations marks a low point of Roman jurisprudence, since t declaresthe correct opinion is to be found by counting heads, not by choosing the best solution". Nonetheless, it was "exhibiting no mean instinct of statesmanship" and may be viewed as an attempt to simplify adjudication in practice, "in opposition to the growing ignorance and ubiquitous corruption and injustice of the times". Content Authority was given to Ulpianus, Gaius, Paulus, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ulpian
Ulpian (; ; 223 or 228) was a Roman jurist born in Tyre in Roman Syria (modern Lebanon). He moved to Rome and rose to become considered one of the great legal authorities of his time. He was one of the five jurists upon whom decisions were to be based according to the Law of Citations of Valentinian III, and supplied the Justinian '' Digest'' about a third of its contents. Biography The exact time and place of his birth are unknown. He was most literarily active between AD 211 and 222. He made his first appearance in public life as assessor in the auditorium of Papinian and member of the council of Septimius Severus; under Caracalla he was master of the requests (''magister libellorum''). Elagabalus (also known as Heliogabalus) banished him from Rome, but on the accession of Severus Alexander (222) he was reinstated, and finally became the emperor's chief adviser and '' Praefectus Praetorio''. During the Severan dynasty, the position of Praetorian prefect in Italy came ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paul (jurist)
Julius Paulus (; fl. 2nd century and 3rd century AD), often simply referred to as Paul in English, was one of the most influential and distinguished Roman law, Roman jurists. He was also a praetorian prefect under the Roman Emperor Alexander Severus. Life Little is known of the life and family of Paulus; he was a man of Greeks, Greek descent, who originated from an unknown Phoenician town in Roman Syria or from Patavium, Roman Italy (modern Padua, Italy). The possibility that Paulus could come from Patavium is based on a statue with an inscription found in Patavium dedicated to a Paulus. During the reign of emperors Septimius Severus and Caracalla, Paulus served as a jurist. He was exiled by the emperor Elagabalus and recalled from exile by his successor, emperor Alexander Severus. Severus and his mother Julia Avita Mamaea in 222, appointed him among the emperor's chief advisers and between 228 and 235, he was the Praetorian prefect of the Praetorian Guard. Paulus was a contempora ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quintus Cervidius Scaevola
Quintus Cervidius Scaevola (fl. ) was a Roman jurist of the equestrian order. Both the ''Historia Augusta''''Historia Augusta'', "Marcus Antoninus Philosophus"11.10/ref> and the '' Tabula Banasitana'' attest that Scaevola was a member of Marcus Aurelius' ( AD 161–180) ''consilium'' or inner circle of advisors. Except that Papinian was his student, little more is known of Scaevola's life. Books Scaevola is credited with writing several works, from which excerpts have been preserved in Justinian's '' Digest'':Paul Jörs"Cervidius 1" ''Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft The Pauly encyclopedias or the Pauly-Wissowa family of encyclopedias, are a set of related encyclopedias on Greco-Roman world, Greco-Roman classical studies, topics and scholarship. The first of these, or (1839–1852), was begun by compiler A ...'', Band III,2 (1899), Sp. 1988–1993 * ''Digesta'' in 40 books; while books 1-29 have ample extracts, there are few from the last 10, which l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Praetorian Prefect
The praetorian prefect (; ) was a high office in the Roman Empire. Originating as the commander of the Praetorian Guard, the office gradually acquired extensive legal and administrative functions, with its holders becoming the Emperor's chief aides. Under Constantine I, the office was much reduced in power and transformed into a purely civilian administrative post, while under his successors, territorially-defined praetorian prefectures emerged as the highest-level administrative division of the Empire. The prefects again functioned as the chief ministers of the state, with many laws addressed to them by name. In this role, praetorian prefects continued to be appointed by the Eastern Roman Empire (and the Ostrogothic Kingdom) until the reign of Heraclius in the 7th century AD, when wide-ranging reforms reduced their power and converted them to mere overseers of provincial administration. The last traces of the prefecture disappeared in the Byzantine Empire by the 840s. The term ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Emesene Dynasty
The Emesene (or Emesan) dynasty, also called the Sampsigeramids or the Sampsigerami or the House of Sampsigeramus (), were a Roman client dynasty of Syrian priest-kings known to have ruled by 46 BC from Arethusa and later from Emesa, Syria, until between 72 and 78/79, or at the latest the reign of Emperor Antoninus Pius (138–161). Iamblichus, the famous Neoplatonist philosopher of the third century, was one of their descendants, as was empress Julia Domna, matriarch of the Severan dynasty. Onomastics Most modern sources declare the family to be of Arab origin. Some members of the family such as Julius Bassianus, father of Julia Domna, are described in Roman sources as "a priest of the Sun, whom the Phoenicians, from whom he sprang, call Elagabalus". Since Emesa was well outside the traditional and geographical boundaries of Phoenicia, some modern historians consider the use of "Phoenician" in these sources a pseudo-ethnic label; one that arose from the political creation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Praetorian Prefect
The praetorian prefect (; ) was a high office in the Roman Empire. Originating as the commander of the Praetorian Guard, the office gradually acquired extensive legal and administrative functions, with its holders becoming the Emperor's chief aides. Under Constantine I, the office was much reduced in power and transformed into a purely civilian administrative post, while under his successors, territorially-defined praetorian prefectures emerged as the highest-level administrative division of the Empire. The prefects again functioned as the chief ministers of the state, with many laws addressed to them by name. In this role, praetorian prefects continued to be appointed by the Eastern Roman Empire (and the Ostrogothic Kingdom) until the reign of Heraclius in the 7th century AD, when wide-ranging reforms reduced their power and converted them to mere overseers of provincial administration. The last traces of the prefecture disappeared in the Byzantine Empire by the 840s. The term ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gaius (jurist)
Gaius (; ''floruit, fl.'' AD 130–180) was a Roman Empire, Roman jurist. Little is known about his personal life, including his name (Gaius or Caius being merely his personal name (''Roman naming conventions, praenomen'')). It is also difficult to ascertain the span of his life, but it is assumed he lived from AD 130 to at least AD 179, as he wrote on legislation passed within that time. From internal evidence in his works it may be gathered that he flourished in the reigns of the emperors Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius and Commodus. His works were thus composed between the years 130 and 180. After his death, however, his writings were recognized as of great authority, and the emperor Theodosius II named him in the ''Law of Citations,'' along with Papinian, Ulpian, Herennius Modestinus, Modestinus and Julius Paulus, Paulus, as one of the five jurists whose opinions were to be followed by judicial officers in deciding cases. The works of these jurists accordingly beca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Modestinus
Herennius Modestinus, or simply Modestinus, was a civil servant and a celebrated Roman jurist, a student of Ulpian who flourished about 250 AD. He appears to have been a native of one of the Greek-speaking provinces, or probably Dalmatia. Possibly from 223 to 225 AD he was secretary ''a libellis'' under Emperor Alexander Severus, and about 228 he was '' praefectus vigilum''. In Valentinian's '' Law of Citations'' he is classed with Papinian, Paulus, Gaius and Ulpian, as one of the five jurists whose recorded views were considered decisive. He is considered to be the last great jurist of the classic age of Roman law. He is mentioned in a rescript of Gordian III in the year 240 in connection with a responsum which he gave to the party to whom the rescript was addressed. No fewer than 345 passages in the ''Digest'' of the ''Corpus Juris Civilis The ''Corpus Juris'' (or ''Iuris'') ''Civilis'' ("Body of Civil Law") is the modern name for a collection of fundamental wo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Silvio Sbricoli
Silvio Sbricoli (1864–1911) was an Italian sculptor and painter. He was born in Rome. As a young man he worked for many years in the studio of the French sculptor Prosper d'Épinay. He was active inside and near Rome, producing numerous statues, monuments, and portraits in a Realist style. He completed the monument to Giuseppe Verdi (circa 1904) in Viterbo. He also completed the statue of Papinian (1899) for the Palace of Justice, Rome The Palace of Justice (), colloquially nicknamed ('the Awful Palace'), is the seat of the Supreme Court of Cassation and the Judicial Public Library of Italy. It is located in the Prati district of Rome, facing , , , and . History Designed by th .... At the 1884 Exposition of Fine Arts in Turin, he exhibited two portrait busts in bronze stucco; and at the National Artistic Exposition in Venice of 1887, he sent ''Un bricconcello''. The next year at the Exposition of Bologna, he exhibited a painting titled: ''Dichi a' mme!'' [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Septimius Severus
Lucius Septimius Severus (; ; 11 April 145 – 4 February 211) was Roman emperor from 193 to 211. He was born in Leptis Magna (present-day Al-Khums, Libya) in the Roman province of Africa. As a young man he advanced through cursus honorum, the customary succession of offices under the reigns of Marcus Aurelius and Commodus. Severus was the final contender to seize power after the death of the emperor Pertinax in 193 during the Year of the Five Emperors. After deposing and killing the incumbent emperor Didius Julianus, Severus fought his rival claimants, the Roman generals Pescennius Niger and Clodius Albinus. Niger was defeated in 194 at the Battle of Issus (194), Battle of Issus in Cilicia (Roman province), Cilicia. Later that year Severus waged a short punitive campaign beyond the eastern frontier, annexing the Osroene, Kingdom of Osroene as a new province. Severus defeated Albinus three years later at the Battle of Lugdunum in Roman Gaul, Gaul. Following the consolidation of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
