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Obama (flatworm)
''Obama'' is a genus of land planarians from South America. It contains several species adapted to human-disturbed environments, including the only invasive land planarian native to the Neotropical realm, ''Obama nungara'', which has been accidentally introduced in Europe. Description The genus ''Obama'' is characterized by having a leaf-shaped body. Most species are about long, but some may reach over . The hundreds of eyes distributed along the body are of two types: monolobulated, which are simple and circular, and trilobulated, which have three lobes. The copulatory apparatus of ''Obama'' has a protrusible penis occupying the entire male atrium or most of it. Morphologically the genus can be divided in two subgroups depending on the shape of the penis papilla, which may be symmetrical or asymmetrical. The group with an asymmetrical penis papilla includes 10 species (''O. anthropophilla'', ''O. carbayoi'', ''O. carrierei'', ''O. decidualis'', ''O. josefi'', ''O. ladislavi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ludwig Von Graff
Ludwig Graff de Pancsova (2 January 1851 – 6 February 1924), known as Ludwig von Graff, was an Austrian zoologist born in Pancsova. In 1871, he received his medical degree in Vienna, afterwards studying zoology at the University of Graz. In 1872, he was an assistant at the zoological institute in Strasbourg, where he worked closely with Eduard Oscar Schmidt (1823–1886). In 1873, he relocated to Munich as an assistant to Karl Theodor Ernst von Siebold (1804–1885), gaining his habilitation during the following year. In 1876, he became a professor at the Academy of Forestry in Aschaffenburg, and from 1884 was a professor of zoology at the University of Graz. Here, he expanded the institute of zoology and its library. In 1896-97, he was rector of the university. Graff was a leading expert on Turbellaria (flatworms), especially remembered for research of its morphology and biological systematics. He gathered material for his studies on numerous expeditions, which includ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Obama Autumna
Barack Hussein Obama II ( ; born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party (United States), Democratic Party, Obama was the first African-American president of the United States. He previously served as a U.S. senator from Illinois from 2005 to 2008 and as an Illinois state senator from 1997 to 2004, and previously worked as a civil rights lawyer before entering politics. Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a Community organizing, community organizer in Chicago. In 1988, he enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the ''Harvard Law Review''. After graduating, he became a civil rights attorney and an academic, teaching constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. Turning to elective politics, he Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama, repre ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cratera (flatworm)
''Cratera'' is a genus of land planarians found in South America. Description The genus ''Cratera'' is characterized by having a leaf-shaped body. Most species are between 3 and 7 cm long. The hundreds of eyes distributed along the body are monolobulated, i.e., simple and circular. The copulatory apparatus has a permanent conical penis occupying the entire male cavity. The final portion of the ejaculatory duct, the channel that guides sperm through the penis, has an expanded cavity that resembles a volcanic crater. It is very similar to the related genus '' Obama'', the main difference being the presence of trilobulated eyes in the latter. Etymology The name ''Cratera'' is derived from the Latin word ''crater'' and refers to the cavity in the penis that resembles a volcanic crater. Species There are 24 species assigned to the genus ''Cratera'': *'' Cratera anamariae'' Carbayo & Almeida, 2015 *'' Cratera arucuia'' Lago-Barcia & Carbayo, 2018 *'' Cratera assu'' A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polyphyletic
A polyphyletic group is an assemblage of organisms or other evolving elements that is of mixed evolutionary origin. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as homoplasies, which are explained as a result of convergent evolution. The arrangement of the members of a polyphyletic group is called a polyphyly .. ource for pronunciation./ref> It is contrasted with monophyly and paraphyly. For example, the biological characteristic of warm-bloodedness evolved separately in the ancestors of mammals and the ancestors of birds; "warm-blooded animals" is therefore a polyphyletic grouping. Other examples of polyphyletic groups are algae, C4 photosynthetic plants, and edentates. Many taxonomists aim to avoid homoplasies in grouping taxa together, with a goal to identify and eliminate groups that are found to be polyphyletic. This is often the stimulus for major revisions of the classification schemes. Researchers concerned more with ecology than with syste ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geoplana
''Geoplana'' is a genus of land planarians found in South America. Taxonomic history The genus ''Geoplana'' was erected in 1857 by William Stimpson and included most land planarians with several eyes distributed along the body.Stimpson, W. (1857). ''Prodromus descriptionis animalium evertebratorum quæ in Expeditione ad Oceanum, Pacificum Septentrionalem a Republica Federata missa, Johanne Rodgers Duce, observavit er descripsit. Pars I. Turbellaria Dendrocœla.'' Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 9:19-31. Species with only two eyes were placed in the genus '' Rhynchodemus'', while species with a crescent-shaped head were placed in ''Bipalium''. In the same year, apparently unaware of Stimpson's paper, the naturalist Max Schultze, based on published information and new species collected in Brazil by the naturalist Fritz Müller, also erected a genus named ''Geoplana'', but included all land planarians in it.Schultze, M. and Müller, F. (1857). ''Bei ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Molecular Phylogeny
Molecular phylogenetics () is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships. From these analyses, it is possible to determine the processes by which diversity among species has been achieved. The result of a molecular phylogenetic analysis is expressed in a phylogenetic tree. Molecular phylogenetics is one aspect of molecular systematics, a broader term that also includes the use of molecular data in taxonomy and biogeography. Molecular phylogenetics and molecular evolution correlate. Molecular evolution is the process of selective changes (mutations) at a molecular level (genes, proteins, etc.) throughout various branches in the tree of life (evolution). Molecular phylogenetics makes inferences of the evolutionary relationships that arise due to molecular evolution and results in the construction of a phylogenetic tree. History The theoretical ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Obama Three Species
Barack Hussein Obama II ( ; born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, Obama was the first African-American president of the United States. He previously served as a U.S. senator from Illinois from 2005 to 2008 and as an Illinois state senator from 1997 to 2004, and previously worked as a civil rights lawyer before entering politics. Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago. In 1988, he enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the ''Harvard Law Review''. After graduating, he became a civil rights attorney and an academic, teaching constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. Turning to elective politics, he represented the 13th district in the Illinois Senate from 1997 until 2004, when he ran for the U.S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Obama Tribalis
''Obama tribalis'' is a species of land planarian Geoplanidae is a family of flatworms known commonly as land planarians or land flatworms. These flatworms are mainly predators of other invertebrates, which they hunt, attack and capture using physical force and the adhesive and digestive proper ... belonging to the subfamily Geoplaninae. It is found within Brazil. Description ''Obama tribalis'' has a foliaceous, or leaf-shaped, body that can reach up to 33 mm in length when crawling. Both ends of the body are rounded, and the dorsum is slightly convex. The dorsum is a yellowish color. The cephalic region has grey pigmentation and is contoured by blackish pigment, which also forms irregular flecks all across the dorsum. These flecks are more concentrated laterally, and are able to form a pattern resembling crossed stripes. The median region of the dorsum is almost completely lacking flecks. The ventral side of the body is grey with yellowish margins.Marques, A.; Rossi, I.; Va ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Obama Maculipunctata
''Obama maculipunctata'' is a species of Brazilian land planarian in the subfamily Geoplaninae. Description ''Obama maculipunctata'' is a medium-sized land planarian with a lanceolate body. The largest specimens reach more than 70 mm in length. The color of the dorsum is composed by a light-brown background covered with numerous fine black spots, as well as irregular grey flecks more concentrated at the sides, giving it a marbled aspect. The ventral side pale-yellow in the anterior third and orange in the middle and posterior thirds. The several eyes of ''O. maculipunctata'' are distributed marginally in the first millimeters of the body and posteriorly become dorsal, occupying around 20% of the body width at the median third of the body. Etymology The specific epithet ''maculipunctata'' ( Latin for ''spotted and punctate'') refers to the numerous flecks and dots covering the animal's dorsum. Distribution The habitat of ''O. maculipunctata'' includes moist forests ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Obama Maculatentis
''Obama maculatentis'' is a species of land planarian belonging to the subfamily Geoplaninae. It is found within Argentina. Description ''Obama maculatentis'' has an elongate body with parallel margins that can reach up to 50 mm in length; the front tip of the body is rounded, while the back is pointed. The dorsum is a black-olive color that pales at the cephalic region. Along the dorsum are two irregular rows of black spots; these spots are generally not very visible to the naked eye, usually only able to be seen in flash photography or following artificial preservation of a specimen. The ventral side of the body is light grey. Etymology The specific epithet is derived from the Latin words ''macula'' and ''latentis'', literally meaning "hidden spots"; this is in reference to the species' dorsal spots that are not usually visible at first glance. Distribution ''Obama maculatentis'' is only known from the type locality, in the Punta Lara natural reserve in Buenos Aires Province ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Obama Leticiae
Barack Hussein Obama II ( ; born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th president of the United States from 2009 to 2017. A member of the Democratic Party, Obama was the first African-American president of the United States. He previously served as a U.S. senator from Illinois from 2005 to 2008 and as an Illinois state senator from 1997 to 2004, and previously worked as a civil rights lawyer before entering politics. Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago. In 1988, he enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the ''Harvard Law Review''. After graduating, he became a civil rights attorney and an academic, teaching constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. Turning to elective politics, he represented the 13th district in the Illinois Senate from 1997 until 2004, when he ran for th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Obama Ladislavii
''Obama ladislavii'' is a species of Brazilian land planarian in the subfamily Geoplaninae. It is one of the most common land planarians in human-disturbed environments in southern Brazil and is easily identifiable by the green color of its dorsum. Description ''Obama ladislavii'' is a medium-sized land planarian with a lanceolate body. The larger specimens have a length of about 100 millimeters or more. The dorsum is green, varying from luminous green to brownish green without stripes. The ventral side is yellowish. The numerous eyes, about 800, are distributed marginally on the first millimeters of the body, being visible as a group of very small black dots, and posteriorly become dorsal, occupying up to 30% of the body width on each side. The dorsal eyes themselves are not easily visible to the naked eye, but are surrounded by a zone without pigmentation, called halo, which may be perceived as small whitish dots. On fully mature specimens, two irregular rows of spots with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
