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Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands Languages
The Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages (also Barrier Islands–Batak languages) are a group of Malayo-Polynesian languages spoken by the Batak and related peoples in the interior of North Sumatra and by the Nias, Mentawai people, and others on the Barrier islands (Simeulue, Nias, and Mentawai Islands Regency) off the western coast of Sumatra. Classification The languages of the Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands subgroup are: * Gayo *Batak languages *Simeulue *Nias– Sikule * Mentawai *Enggano (?) This subgroup was first proposed by Lafeber (1922), who called it "Batak-Nias". Nothofer (1986) presented lexical and phonological evidence in support of this subgroup, calling it "Barrier Islands–Batak". Nothofer, Bernd (1986). "The Barrier Island Languages in the Austronesian Language Family". In Geraghty, P., Carrington, L. and Wurm, S.A. (eds.) ''Focal II: Papers From the Fourth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics'', pp. 87–109. Pacific Linguistics ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sumatra
Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 (182,812 mi.2), not including adjacent islands such as the Simeulue, Nias, Mentawai, Enggano, Riau Islands, Bangka Belitung and Krakatoa archipelago. Sumatra is an elongated landmass spanning a diagonal northwest–southeast axis. The Indian Ocean borders the northwest, west, and southwest coasts of Sumatra, with the island chain of Simeulue, Nias, Mentawai, and Enggano off the western coast. In the northeast, the narrow Strait of Malacca separates the island from the Malay Peninsula, which is an extension of the Eurasian continent. In the southeast, the narrow Sunda Strait, containing the Krakatoa Archipelago, separates Sumatra from Java. The northern tip of Sumatra is near the Andaman Islands, while off the southeastern coast lie the islands of Bangka and Belitung, Karim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sikule Language
The Sikule language (also called Sibigo, Sigulai, Ageumeui, or Wali Banuah) is an Austronesian language spoken on Simeulue island off the western coast of Sumatra in Indonesia. It belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian languages. Sikule is one of Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages, which are a sub-group of Western Malayo-Polynesian. Sikule is spoken in Salang, Alafan and Simeulue Barat district, on the northern of Simeulue island. It is apparently related to the Nias language. Ethnologue lists ''Lekon'' and ''Tapah'' as dialects. Simeulue is spoken in the rest of Simeulue outside of Alafan, while Jamu (also called ''Kamano''), related to Minangkabau, is spoken in the capital city of Sinabang. Phonology The vowel and consonant phonemes of Sikule are shown in the tables below.Nothofer, 1986, p. 96 See also * Simeulue language The Simeulue language is spoken by the Simeulue people of Simeulue off the western coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. N ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands Languages
The Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages (also Barrier Islands–Batak languages) are a group of Malayo-Polynesian languages spoken by the Batak and related peoples in the interior of North Sumatra and by the Nias, Mentawai people, and others on the Barrier islands (Simeulue, Nias, and Mentawai Islands Regency) off the western coast of Sumatra. Classification The languages of the Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands subgroup are: * Gayo *Batak languages *Simeulue *Nias– Sikule * Mentawai *Enggano (?) This subgroup was first proposed by Lafeber (1922), who called it "Batak-Nias". Nothofer (1986) presented lexical and phonological evidence in support of this subgroup, calling it "Barrier Islands–Batak". Nothofer, Bernd (1986). "The Barrier Island Languages in the Austronesian Language Family". In Geraghty, P., Carrington, L. and Wurm, S.A. (eds.) ''Focal II: Papers From the Fourth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics'', pp. 87–109. Pacific Linguistics ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proto-Malayo-Polynesian Language
Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (PMP) is the reconstructed ancestor of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, which is by far the largest branch (by current speakers) of the Austronesian language family. Proto-Malayo-Polynesian is ancestral to all Austronesian languages spoken outside Taiwan, as well as the Yami language on Taiwan's Orchid Island. The first systematic reconstruction of Proto-Austronesian ("''Uraustronesisch''") by Otto Dempwolff was based on evidence from languages outside of Taiwan, and was therefore actually the first reconstruction of what is now known as Proto-Malayo-Polynesian. Phonology Consonants The following consonants can be reconstructed for Proto-Malayo-Polynesian (Blust 2009): The phonetic value of the reconstructed sounds *p, *b, *w, *m, *t, *d, *n, *s, *l, *r, *k, *g, *ŋ, *q, *h was as indicated by the spelling. The symbols *ñ, *y, *z, *D, *j, *R are orthographic conventions first introduced by Dyen (1947). The assumed phonetic values are given in the tab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Barrier Islands
Barrier islands are coastal landforms and a type of dune system that are exceptionally flat or lumpy areas of sand that form by wave and tidal action parallel to the mainland coast. They usually occur in chains, consisting of anything from a few islands to more than a dozen. They are subject to change during storms and other action, but absorb energy and protect the coastlines and create areas of protected waters where wetlands may flourish. A barrier chain may extend uninterrupted for over a hundred kilometers, excepting the tidal inlets that separate the islands, the longest and widest being Padre Island of Texas, United States. Sometimes an important inlet may close permanently, transforming an island into a peninsula, thus creating a barrier peninsula, often including a beach, barrier beach. The length and width of barriers and overall morphology of barrier coasts are related to parameters including tidal range, wave energy, sediment supply, sea-level trends, and basem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bengkulu
Bengkulu is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the southwest coast of Sumatra. It was formed on 18 November 1968 by separating out the former Bencoolen Residency area from the province of South Sumatra under Law No. 9 of 1967 and was finalized by Government Regulation No. 20 of 1968. Spread over 19,813 km2, it is bordered by the provinces of West Sumatra to the north, Jambi to the northeast, Lampung to the southeast, and South Sumatra to the east, and by the Indian Ocean to the northwest, south, southwest, and west. Bengkulu is the 25th largest province by area; it is divided into nine regencies and the city of Bengkulu, the capital and the only independent city. Bengkulu is also the 26th largest province by population in Indonesia, with 1,715,518 inhabitants at the 2010 Census and 2,010,670 at the 2020 Census;Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. the official estimate as at mid 2021 was 2,032,941.Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2022. According to a release by Bada ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nasal Language
Nasal () is an Austronesian language of southwestern Sumatra. Anderbeck & Aprilani (2013) consider Nasal to be an isolate within the Malayo-Polynesian branch. Smith (2017), though, includes the language in the "Sumatran" subgroup, alongside other Batak–Barrier Islands languages. Background Nasal is spoken in the Nasal River area of Kaur Regency, Bengkulu Province, Sumatra, in the villages of Tanjung Betuah, Gedung Menung (both in Muara Nasal district), and Tanjung Baru (in Maje district). There are many loanwords from Lampung. Languages spoken near the Nasal area include the Krui dialect of Lampung and the Malayic languages Kaur, Bengkulu, Serawai and Semenda (Anderbeck & Aprilani 2013:3). The language has been given a tentative EGIDS The Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS), developed by Lewis and Simons (2010), measures a language's status in terms of endangerment Endangerment is a type of crime involving conduct that is wrongful and reckless ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bernd Nothofer
Bernd Nothofer (born 18 December 1941 in Krefeld, Germany) is a German linguist. His primary research interests include Austronesian historical linguistics, Malayic dialectology, and the languages of Indonesia. Education After graduating from high school, Nothofer studied in Bonn starting from 1962. In 1966, he obtained a ''License de Lettre libre'' at the Université de Franche-Comté in Besançon, France and taught German and French philology at Millersville State College in Pennsylvania, United States. From 1967 to 1973, he studied linguistics with Isidore Dyen at Yale University. In 1973, he graduated with PhD in Linguistics after completing fieldwork in the Indonesian provinces of West Java and Central Java. In 1977, he completed his habilitation at the University of Cologne. Career From 1973 to 1981, Nothofer was a research assistant at the University of Cologne and lecturer at the Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn. In 1981, he joined Goethe University in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Enggano Language
The Enggano language, or Engganese, is an Austronesian language spoken on Enggano Island off the southwestern coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. Enggano is notable among the Austronesian languages of western Insular Southeast Asia because of many unusual sound changes, and a low number of words shared with other Austronesian languages. There is however general consensus among Austronesianists that Enggano belongs to the Austronesian language family. Failure to fully identify the inherited Austronesian elements in the basic lexicon and bound morphology of Enggano resulted in occasional proposals that Enggano might be a language isolate which had adopted Austronesian loanwords.Capell, Arthur, 1982. 'Local Languages in the PAN Area'. In Reiner Carle et al. ed., ''Gava‘: Studies in Austronesian languages and cultures dedicated to Hans Kähler'', trans. Geoffrey Sutton, 1-15, p. 4.Blench, Roger. 2014. The Enggano: archaic foragers and their interactions with the Austronesian world. m.s. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mentawai Language
The Mentawai language is an Austronesian language, spoken by the Mentawai people of the Mentawai Islands, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Dialects According to ''Ethnologue'', Mentawai dialects include: Silabu, Sipura – Simalegi, Sakalagan, Saumanganja – North Siberut, South Siberut – Taikaku – Pagai. Syamsir Arifin, et al. (1992) list twelve dialects of Mentawai: *South Siberut **Madobat **Salappa **Ulubaga *Sipora **Bariulou **Bosua **Sioban *North Pagai **Pasapuat **Silabu **Saumanganya *South Pagai South is one of the cardinal directions or compass points. The direction is the opposite of north and is perpendicular to both east and west. Etymology The word ''south'' comes from Old English ''sūþ'', from earlier Proto-Germanic ''*sunþaz ... **Boriai **Bulasat **Sikakap Dialects in Siberut Island are: *Sikapone *Togiiite *Pokai *Simajegi *Simatalu *Paipajet *Sakuddei *Sagulubbe *Sirileleu *Sikabaluan *Sempungan *Saibi & Sarabua *Silaoinan *Sara ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nias Language
The Nias language is an Austronesian language spoken on Nias Island and the Batu Islands off the west coast of Sumatra in Indonesia. It is known as Li Niha by its native speakers. It belongs to the Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands subgroup which also includes Mentawai and the Batak languages. It had about 770,000 speakers in 2000. There are three main dialects: northern, central and southern. It is an open-syllable language, which means there are no syllable-final consonants. Dialects Nias is typically considered to have three dialects.Ethnologue *Northern dialect: particularly the Gunungsitoli variety, Alasa and Lahewa area. *South dialect: South Nias, Gomo Area, Telukdalam Area and Batu Islands. *Central dialect: West Nias, particularly in Sirombu and Mandrehe areas. Cognate percentage among the dialects of Nias is about 80%. The northern variant is considered the prestige dialect. The only complete Bible translation is written in the northern dialect and is u ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malayo-Polynesian Languages
The Malayo-Polynesian languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages, with approximately 385.5 million speakers. The Malayo-Polynesian languages are spoken by the Austronesian peoples outside of Taiwan, in the island nations of Southeast Asia (Indonesian and Philippine Archipelago) and the Pacific Ocean, with a smaller number in continental Asia in the areas near the Malay Peninsula. Cambodia, Vietnam and the Chinese island Hainan serve as the northwest geographic outlier. Malagasy, spoken in the island of Madagascar off the eastern coast of Africa in the Indian Ocean, is the furthest western outlier. The languages spoken south-westward from central Micronesia until Easter Island are sometimes referred to as the Polynesian languages. Many languages of the Malayo-Polynesian family show the strong influence of Sanskrit and Arabic, as the western part of the region has been a stronghold of Hinduism, Buddhism, and, later, Islam. Two morphological characteristics of the M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
