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Northeastern Pomo
Northeastern Pomo, also known as Salt Pomo, is a Pomoan language of Northern California. There are no living fluent speakers. It was spoken along Stony Creek, a tributary of the Sacramento River. Northeastern was one of seven mutually unintelligible Pomoan languages spoken in Northern California. Unlike the other six Pomoan languages (going to north to south: Northern Pomo, Central Pomo, Eastern Pomo, Southeastern Pomo, Kashaya Pomo, Southern Pomo), Northeastern Pomo was not spoken in an area immediately contiguous with any other Pomoan-speaking area. Northeastern Pomo speakers were ringed by speakers of Yuki, Nomlaki, and Patwin; Yuki is unrelated to Pomoan or Nomlaki and Patwin, both of which are within the Wintu language family. References External linksNortheastern Pomolanguage project at the Western Institute for Endangered Language DocumentationNortheastern Pomo languageoverview at the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages The Survey of California and Other In ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United States
The United States of America (USA), also known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It is a federal republic of 50 U.S. state, states and a federal capital district, Washington, D.C. The 48 contiguous states border Canada to the north and Mexico to the south, with the semi-exclave of Alaska in the northwest and the archipelago of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. The United States asserts sovereignty over five Territories of the United States, major island territories and United States Minor Outlying Islands, various uninhabited islands in Oceania and the Caribbean. It is a megadiverse country, with the world's List of countries and dependencies by area, third-largest land area and List of countries and dependencies by population, third-largest population, exceeding 340 million. Its three Metropolitan statistical areas by population, largest metropolitan areas are New York metropolitan area, New York, Greater Los Angeles, Los Angel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Northern California
Northern California (commonly shortened to NorCal) is a geocultural region that comprises the northern portion of the U.S. state of California, spanning the northernmost 48 of the state's List of counties in California, 58 counties. Northern California in its largest definition is determined by dividing the state into two regions, the other being Southern California. The main northern population centers include the San Francisco Bay Area (anchored by the cities of San Jose, California, San Jose, San Francisco, and Oakland, California, Oakland), the Greater Sacramento area (anchored by the state capital Sacramento, California, Sacramento), the Redding, California, area south of the Cascade Range, and the Metropolitan Fresno area (anchored by the city of Fresno, California, Fresno). Northern California also contains Sequoia sempervirens, redwood forests, along with most of the Sierra Nevada, including Yosemite Valley and part of Lake Tahoe, Mount Shasta (the second-highest peak in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pomoan Languages
The Pomoan, or Pomo , languages are a small family of seven languages indigenous to northern California spoken by the Pomo people, whose ancestors lived in the valley of the Russian River (California), Russian River and the Clear Lake (California), Clear Lake basin. Four languages are extinct, and all surviving languages except Kashaya language, Kashaya have fewer than ten speakers. Geographical distribution John Wesley Powell, who was the first to define the extent of the family, noted that its boundaries were the Pacific Ocean to the west, Wintuan languages, Wintuan territory in the Sacramento Valley to the east, the head of the Russian River (California), Russian River to the north, and Bodega Head and present-day Santa Rosa, California, Santa Rosa to the south (Powell 1891:87-88). Only Northeastern Pomo language, Northeastern Pomo was not contiguous with the other Pomoan languages, being separated by an intervening region of Wintuan languages, Wintuan speakers. Internal rela ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tributary
A tributary, or an ''affluent'', is a stream or river that flows into a larger stream (''main stem'' or ''"parent"''), river, or a lake. A tributary does not flow directly into a sea or ocean. Tributaries, and the main stem river into which they flow, drain the surrounding drainage basin of its surface water and groundwater, leading the water out into an ocean, another river, or into an endorheic basin. The Irtysh is a chief tributary of the Ob (river), Ob river and is also the longest tributary river in the world with a length of . The Madeira River is the largest tributary river by volume in the world with an average discharge of . A confluence, where two or more bodies of water meet, usually refers to the joining of tributaries. The opposite to a tributary is a distributary, a river or stream that branches off from and flows away from the main stream. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sacramento River
The Sacramento River () is the principal river of Northern California in the United States and is the largest river in California. Rising in the Klamath Mountains, the river flows south for before reaching the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta and San Francisco Bay. The river drains about in 19 California County (United States), counties, mostly within the fertile agricultural region bounded by the California Coast Ranges, Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada known as the Sacramento Valley, but also extending as far as the volcanic plateaus of Northeastern California. Historically, its watershed has reached as far north as south-central Oregon where the now, primarily, endorheic basin, endorheic (closed) Goose Lake (Oregon-California), Goose Lake rarely experiences southerly outflow into the Pit River, the most northerly tributary of the Sacramento. The Sacramento and its wide natural floodplain were once abundant in fish and other aquatic creatures, notably one of the southernm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yuki Language
Yuki, also known as Ukomno'm, is an extinct language of California, formerly spoken by the Yuki people. The Yuki are the original inhabitants of the Eel River area and the Round Valley Reservation of northern California. Yuki ceased to be used as an everyday language in the early 20th century and its last native speaker, Arthur Anderson, died in 1983. Yuki is generally thought to be distantly related to the Wappo language. Revitalization efforts are currently underway, and the language is taught at the grade-school level (alongside Wailaki) at the Round Valley Reservation. Classification Yuki consisted of three dialects, from east to west: Round Valley Yuki, Huchnom (Clear Lake Yuki) and Coast Yuki. These were at least partially mutually intelligible, but are sometimes counted as distinct languages. These languages are categorized as (Northern) Yukian within the Yuki–Wappo family, which also includes the distant Wappo language. It is thought that the ancestor of the Yu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nomlaki Language
Nomlaki (Noamlakee), or Wintun, is a moribund Wintuan language of Northern California. It was not extensively documented, however, some recordings exist of speaker Andrew Freeman and Sylvester Simmons. There is at least one partial speaker left. Nomlaki Indians, or in their own language ; is 'west', and is a verb form of 'speak',E. G. Gudde 1998 in William Bright: Native American Place Names of the United States, Norman, Okla., 2004, University of Oklahoma Press. thus 'western speakers' (but 'western dwellers', J. Curtin 1898 in F. W. Hodge 1910). See also * Paskenta Band of Nomlaki Indians References External linksOverviewat the Survey of California and Other Indian LanguagesNomlaki languageat the California Language ArchiveOLAC resources in Wintu and Nomlaki Wintuan languages Endangered Indigenous languages of the Americas Indigenous languages of California Native American language revitalization {{na-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Patwin Language
Patwin (Patween) is a critically endangered Wintuan language of Northern California. As of 2021, there was one documented first language speaker of Patwin. As of 2010, Patwin language classes were taught at the Yocha Dehe Wintun Nation (formerly Rumsey Rancheria) tribal school (Dubin 2010). Patwin has two (excl. Southern Patwin) or three (incl. Southern Patwin) dialects: "River Patwin (or Valley Patwin) was traditionally spoken along the Sacramento River in Colusa County ... Hill Patwin, was spoken in the plains and foothills to the west." Southern Patwin became extinct shortly after contact. It is very poorly attested, and may be a separate Southern Wintuan language (Mithun 1999). As of 2012, the Tewe Kewe Cultural Center of the Yocha Dehe Wintun Nation has "a California Indian Library Collection and an extensive Patwin language and history research section." Phonemes Consonants Patwin has 25 consonant phonemes. In the table below, the IPA form(s) of each consonant a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Western Institute For Endangered Language Documentation
The Western Institute for Endangered Language Documentation, or WIELD, is a California-based 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization dedicated to the documentation, preservation, revitalization, and revival of fragmented languages, especially the Native American languages of western North America. It was founded in 2013 by four linguists: Uldis Balodis, who has since published a grammar of the Yuki language, Jessica Kirchner, whose doctoral work had included engagement with the Kʷak̓ʷala language, Timothy Henry-Rodriguez, who had written a pedagogical grammar of Ventureño Chumash for his dissertation, and Neil Alexander Walker, who has since published a grammar of the Southern Pomo language. These four founding board members are symbolized on the WIELD corporate seal via phonetic symbols drawn from the four aforementioned languages studied by each scholar. Since its founding, WIELD has overseen several projects. In 2014, a WIELD board member located the last fluent speaker of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Survey Of California And Other Indian Languages
The Survey of California and Other Indian Languages (originally the Survey of California Indian Languages) at the University of California at Berkeley documents, catalogs, and archives the indigenous languages of the Americas. The survey also hosts events related to language revitalization and preservation. Origins The Survey was started as a pilot project by Berkeley linguistics professor Murray Emeneau and Mary Haas in 1953. It was established with an official budget on January 1, 1953. Haas was a particular influence on the early working culture of the Survey. One student, Brent D. Galloway, recalled how several of Haas' students had used a Natchez greeting, ''wanhetahnú·ʼis'', and that "the tradition had apparently continued for over twenty years." (Haas' first publication had been on Natchez.) The first project was a study of the Karuk language by William Bright, then a graduate student. Since its founding 80 doctoral dissertations have been written under the auspices ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indigenous Languages Of California
Indigenous peoples of California, commonly known as Indigenous Californians or Native Californians, are a diverse group of nations and peoples that are indigenous to the geographic area within the current boundaries of California before and after European colonization of the Americas, European colonization. There are currently 109 federally recognized tribes in the state and over forty self-identified tribes or tribal bands that have applied for Native American recognition in the United States, federal recognition. California has the second-largest Native Americans in the United States, Native American population in the United States. Most tribes practiced forest gardening or permaculture and controlled burning to ensure the availability of food and medicinal plants as well as ecosystem balance. Archeological sites indicate human occupation of California for thousands of years. European colonization of the Americas, European settlers began exploring their homelands in the late 18 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Extinct Languages Of North America
Extinction is the termination of an organism by the death of its last member. A taxon may become functionally extinct before the death of its last member if it loses the capacity to reproduce and recover. As a species' potential range may be very large, determining this moment is difficult, and is usually done retrospectively. This difficulty leads to phenomena such as Lazarus taxa, where a species presumed extinct abruptly "reappears" (typically in the fossil record) after a period of apparent absence. Over five billion species are estimated to have died out. It is estimated that there are currently around 8.7 million species of eukaryotes globally, possibly many times more if microorganisms are included. Notable extinct animal species include non-avian dinosaurs, saber-toothed cats, and mammoths. Through evolution, species arise through the process of speciation. Species become extinct when they are no longer able to survive in changing conditions or against superio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
