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Normalnull
("standard zero") or (short N. N. or NN) is an outdated official vertical datum used in Germany. Elevations using this reference system were to be marked (“meters above standard zero”). has been replaced by (NHN). History In 1878 reference heights were taken from the Amsterdam Ordnance Datum and transferred to the New Berlin Observatory in order to define the 1879. has been defined as a level going through an imaginary point 37.000 m below . When the New Berlin Observatory was demolished in 1912 the reference point was moved east to the village of (now part of the town of , Brandenburg, Germany).: . In: ' 1958, vol 14, issue 2, p. 62–66 References {{Authority control Vertical datums Geography of Germany ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Normalhöhennull
' (, "standard elevation zero") or NHN is a vertical datum used in Germany. In geographical terms, NHN is the reference plane for the normal height of a topographical eminence height above mean sea level used in the 1932 German Mean Height Reference System ('). The plane is in the shape of a quasi- geoid. The reference height is a geodetic, fixed point on the New Church of St. Alexander at Wallenhorst in the German state of Lower Saxony. The geopotential height of this point was calculated in 1986 as part of the United European Levelling Network (UELN), based on the Amsterdam Ordnance Datum. Definition The NHN plane is a theoretical reference plane. It is derived by deducting normal heights from the normal plumb line. The difference between the resulting quasi-geoid and the reference ellipsoid is called the height anomaly or quasi-geoid height. Change-over from NN to NHN Since 1 January 2000 the whole of Germany has changed its height system over to normal height ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Amsterdam Ordnance Datum
Amsterdam Ordnance Datum or ' (NAP) is a vertical datum in use in large parts of Western Europe. Originally created for use in the Netherlands, its height was used by Prussia in 1879 for defining ', and in 1955 by other European countries. In the 1990s, it was used as the reference level for the United European leveling Network (UELN) which in turn led to the European Vertical Reference System (EVRS). Mayor Johannes Hudde of Amsterdam is credited with beginning the first works for the creation of this vertical datum after he expanded the sea dike following a flood in Amsterdam in 1675. Between 1683 and 1684, he had daily measurements taken of the water level of the adjacent sea arm, ', during high tide. The calculated averaged was called the ' ("Amsterdam level", AP) and used to calculate the minimum height of the sea dykes, which he set at "9 feet and 5 inches" (2.67 m) above AP. In 1850, the datum was used at several places in Belgium, and in 1874 the German government ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vertical Datum
In geodesy, surveying, hydrography and navigation, vertical datum or altimetric datum is a reference coordinate surface used for vertical positions, such as the elevations of Earth-bound features (terrain, bathymetry, water level, and built structures) and altitudes of satellite orbits and in aviation. In planetary science, vertical datums are also known as zero-elevation surface or zero-level reference. Commonly adopted criteria for a vertical datum include the following approaches: * Tides, based on sea level when specific conditions occur, such as NOAA's National Geodetic Survey-produced tidal datums; * Gravimetric, based on a geoid; or geometric, based on the same Earth ellipsoids that are used in computing a horizontal datum, such as NOAA's planned gravimetric and Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)-based Datum of 2022 set to be released that year by the National Geodetic Survey. In the United States, prominent vertical datums for professional uses include the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Berlin Observatory
The Berlin Observatory (Berliner Sternwarte) is a German astronomical institution with a series of observatories and related organizations in and around the city of Berlin in Germany, starting from the 18th century. It has its origins in 1700 when Gottfried Leibniz initiated the "Brandenburg Society of Science″ (''Sozietät der Wissenschaften'') which would later (1744) become the Prussian Academy of Sciences (''Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften''). The Society had no observatory but nevertheless an astronomer, Gottfried Kirch, who observed from a private observatory in Berlin. A first small observatory was furnished in 1711, financing itself by calendrical computations. In 1825 Johann Franz Encke was appointed director by King Frederick William III of Prussia. With the support of Alexander von Humboldt, Encke got the King to agree to the financing of a true observatory, but one condition was that the observatory be made accessible to the public two nights per week. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Borne De Nivellement Kriegstor
Borne may refer to: Places * Borne, Ardèche, a commune in the Ardèche department, France * Borne, Haute-Loire, a commune in the Haute-Loire department, France * Borne, Saxony-Anhalt, a municipality in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany * Borne, Bihar, a village in Bihar, India * Borne, North Brabant, a hamlet turned neighborhood in North Brabant, Netherlands * Borne, Overijssel, a town in Overijssel, Netherlands * Borne, Drawsko County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland * Borne, Gmina Chojnice in Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland * Borne, Gmina Konarzyny in Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland * Borne, Myślibórz County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland People with the surname * Alain Borne (1915–1962), 20th-century French poet and lawyer * Daisy Theresa Borne (1906–1998), British sculptor * Élisabeth Borne (born 1961), French politician * Étienne Borne (1907–1993), professor * François Borne (1840–1920), French flautist and composer * Guillaume Borne (born 1988), Frenc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hoppegarten
Hoppegarten is a municipality in the district Märkisch-Oderland, in Brandenburg, Germany. History The current municipality was created in 2003 when the former municipalities of Hönow and Münchehofe were united with Dahlwitz-Hoppegarten. The old Dahlwitz-Hoppegarten is now a district composed by Birkenstein and Waldesruh. Geography Hoppegarten is located close to the eastern suburbs of Berlin ( Mahlsdorf, in the borough of Marzahn-Hellersdorf). The other bordering municipalities are Ahrensfelde ( BAR), Werneuchen (BAR), Altlandsberg, Neuenhagen, and Schöneiche ( LOS). The municipality is composed by three urban districts (''Ortsteil''): Dahlwitz-Hoppegarten, Hönow (detached from the rest of municipal area by a strip belonging to Berlin), and Münchehofe. Transport The town is served by Berlin S-Bahn and it has 2 stations on S5 line ( Birkenstein and Hoppegarten). The Berlin U-Bahn line U5 has its end station in Hönow. Demography File:Bevölkerungsentwicklung H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Müncheberg
Müncheberg is a small town in Märkisch-Oderland, in eastern Germany approximately halfway between Berlin and the border with Poland, within the historic region of Lubusz Land. Geography Prior to 2003 the area today covered by Müncheberg was organized as the so-called "Amt (subnational entity), Amt Müncheberg". It included eight Municipalities of Germany, municipalities that were incorporated on March 31, 2002 to form the town of Müncheberg: (population in parentheses) *Müncheberg (5,190) *Obersdorf (253) *Hermersdorf (273) *Trebnitz (509) *Eggersdorf (345) *Hoppegarten (268) *Jahnsfelde (295) *Münchehofe (102) History The settlement was founded between 1225 and 1232 by Cistercians, Cistercian monks who had been given the land by the Piast dynasty, Piast Duke of Lower Silesia and soon-to-be monarch of Poland, Henry I the Bearded. A citation in a document from June 29, 1232, marks the official date of the founding. This first settlement was called ''Lubes'' (modern ) by the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vertical Datums
Vertical is a geometric term of location which may refer to: * Vertical direction, the direction aligned with the direction of the force of gravity, up or down * Vertical (angles), a pair of angles opposite each other, formed by two intersecting straight lines that form an "X" * Interval (music)#Melodic and harmonic, Vertical (music), a musical interval where the two notes sound simultaneously * "Vertical", a type of wine tasting in which different vintages of the same wine type from the same winery are tasted * Vertical Aerospace, stylised as "Vertical", British aerospace manufacturer * Vertical kilometer, a discipline of skyrunning * Vertical market, a market in which vendors offer goods and services specific to an industry * Vertical integration, a management term describing a style of ownership and control Media * Vertical (film), ''Vertical'' (film), a 1967 Soviet movie starring Vladimir Vysotsky * Vertical (Sledge Hammer!), "Vertical" (''Sledge Hammer!''), 1987 television e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
