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Ninagal
Ninagal () or Ninagala was a Mesopotamian god regarded as a divine smith. He was commonly associated with other deities connected to craftsmanship. Texts from the reign of Ur-Baba of Lagash indicate that he was the personal deity of this king, who built a temple dedicated to him, most likely in Girsu. He is well attested in texts dealing with the preparation of statues of deities, as well as other cultic paraphernalia. Name and character Ninagal was regarded a divine smith. He could be called the "chief smith" (''simug gal'') of An. His name was written in cuneiform as '' d Nin-á- gal'', and can be translated from Sumerian as "lord of the big arm". It could also be represented logographically using the sign SIMUG, "smith", and writings such as dSIMUG or dNIN.SIMUG are also attested. However, in a single incantation a separate god named Ninsimug appears alongside Ninagal, with the two seemingly described as responsible for different types of metalworking. In the lexical list ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kusibanda
Kusibanda (Kusigbanda), also known under the disputed older reading of the name, Guškinbanda, was a Mesopotamian god regarded as the tutelary deity of goldsmiths and silversmiths. He was commonly grouped with other deities of similar character, such as Ninagal. He was also regarded as the husband of Ninimma, and was worshiped in her temple in Nippur. He is attested in texts describing the preparation of statues, as well as in a variety of documents from Uruk from the Seleucid period. Name and character Kusibanda's name was written in cuneiform as dKUG.GI.BÀN.DA. According to Julia Krul, the other proposed reading, Guškinbanda, is no longer used today. Wilfred G. Lambert has nonetheless argued that since ''guškin'' is a common reading of the first two signs, the modern consensus might be incorrect. Lambert's position is also supported by Frank Simons. Kusibanda was regarded as a divine goldsmith and silversmith. He served as the tutelary deity of both of these professions. I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
An = Anum
''An = Anum'', also known as the Great God List, is the longest preserved Mesopotamian god list, a type of lexical list cataloging the deities worshiped in the Ancient Near East, chiefly in modern Iraq. While god lists are already known from the Early Dynastic period, ''An = Anum'' most likely was composed in the later Kassite period. While often mistakenly described as a list of Sumerian deities and their Akkadian equivalents, ''An = Anum'' is focused on presenting the familial relationships between deities, as well as their courts and spheres of influence. The first four tablets list the major gods and goddesses ( Anu, Enlil, Ninhursag, Enki, Sin, Shamash, Adad and Ishtar) and their courts, arranged according to theological principles, but tablets V and VI do not appear to follow a clear system, and tablet VII is a late appendix listing the names of Marduk and one of his courtiers. Many other works of ancient scholarship were influenced by ''An = Anum'', including a simil ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ur-Baba
Ur-Baba or Ur-Bau ( or , ''servant of the goddess Bau''; died 2144 BC) was '' ensi'' of Lagash from 2093 BC – 2080 BC (short chronology) or 2157 BC – 2144 BC (middle chronology), roughly contemporaneous with the last king of Akkad, Shu-turul. In one of his inscriptions, he refers to himself as a child of the god Ninagal (). According to inscriptions of Ur-Baba, during his reign, Lagash enjoyed prosperity and independence from the Akkadians. His daughter Ninalla married Gudea, who succeeded him as ''ensi''. File:Girsu Tablet of Ur-Baba.jpg, Tablet of Ur-Baba, Girsu. File:Cone with name and title of Ur-Bau (Ur-Baba), king of Lagash.jpg, Cone with name and title of Ur-Baba, king of Lagash File:Ur-Bau foundation tablet.jpg, Ur-Bau foundation tablet. Walters Art Museum File:Ur-Bau foundation tablet (front detail).jpg, Ur-Bau foundation tablet (front detail). Walters Art Museum File:God nailing foundation-AO 311-P5280789-gradient.jpg, Foundation figurine of Ur-Baba Cuneifor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ninkurra
Ninkurra or Ninkur was a name of multiple Mesopotamian deities, including a divine artisan, presumably a female sculptor. There is no agreement among researchers if this Ninkurra corresponds to the identically named goddess appearing in the myth ''Enki and Ninhursag''. A different deity named Ninkur appears in enumerations of ancestors of Enlil in god lists. This theonym was also employed as a logogram to represent the name of a goddess worshipped in Mari and in Emar on the Euphrates, possibly to be identified as the wife of Dagan, Shalash. Ninkurra in southern Mesopotamia The theonym Ninkurra ('' d nin-kur-ra'') or Ninkur (''dnin-kur'') is sparsely attested in sources from southern Mesopotamia. It is assumed that more than one deity bearing this name existed. According to Dina Katz all of them were female, though in a more recent publication Josephine Fechner and Michel Tanret point out a reference to a male Ninkurra in the god list ''An = Anum''. The character of the deities d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ninildu
Ninildu (, '' dNin-''IGI.NAĜAR.BU; also read Ninduluma) was a Mesopotamian god associated with carpentry. He was chiefly worshiped in the city of Zabalam and in its proximity. He appears in a number of literary texts, such as the ''Epic of Erra''. Name and character The oldest writing of the name is dNin-NAĜAR.BU, attested in the god lists from Abu Salabikh and Fara and in the ''Zame Hymns'' from the Early Dynastic period, though later on dNin-IGI.NAĜAR.BU was employed. A logographic writing, dNAĜAR, is attested in the god list ''An = Anum''. While the name is commonly rendered as Ninildu in Assyriological literature, the alternate reading Ninduluma has been proposed based on an unpublished incantation from Meturan, which reportedly uses a phonetic spelling. Jeremiah Peterson renders the name as Ninildum due to the presence of an apparent auslaut in a number of sources. It is agreed the deity was male. Ninildu was associated with carpentry. One source (tablet K 3248) direc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nunura
Nunura (also romanized as Nunurra) was a Mesopotamian god regarded as a divine potter. He was also associated with apotriopaic magic and exorcisms, and in multiple incantations he is invoked against demons. Late god lists equate him with Ea, which reflects a broader trend of treating artisan deities as aspects of that god. Name and character Nunura's name was written in cuneiform as '' dNun-ur4-ra'' or ''dNin-ur4-ra'', though the latter spelling is considered unusual. The name could also be represented by the logogram dBÁḪAR, "potter". However, this combination of signs could also be used to write at least five other theonyms: Aruru, Lil, Enenuru, Nunšar and Šaršar, the last three of which are secondary names of Enki/Ea. Additionally, in the lexical list ''Diri Nippur'' the meaning of two logograms, dBÁḪAR and dSIMUG ("smith"), is seemingly swapped around, with the former explained as the blacksmith god Ninagal and the latter as Nunura. Markham J. Geller refers to Nunu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ea (god)
Enki ( ) is the Sumerian religion, Sumerian god of water deity, water, knowledge (''Geshtu-E, gestú''), crafts (''gašam''), and Creation deity, creation (''nudimmud''), and one of the Anunnaki. He was later known as Ea () or Ae p. 324, note 27. in Akkadian language, Akkadian (Assyrian-Babylonian) Babylonian religion, religion, and is identified by some scholars with Ia in Canaanite religion. The name was rendered Aos within Greek sources (e.g. Damascius). He was originally the patron god of the city of Eridu, but later the influence of his Cult (religious practice), cult spread throughout Mesopotamia and to the Canaanites, Hittites and Hurrians. He was associated with the southern band of constellations called ''stars of Ea'', but also with the constellation AŠ-IKU, ''the Field'' (Pegasus (constellation), Square of Pegasus). Beginning around the second millennium BCE, he was sometimes referred to in writing by the numeric ideogram for "40", occasionally referred to as his " ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Girsu
Girsu ( Sumerian ; cuneiform ) was a city of ancient Sumer, situated some northwest of Lagash, at the site of what is now Tell Telloh in Dhi Qar Governorate, Iraq. As the religious center of the kingdom of Lagash, it contained significant temples to the god Ningirsu ( E-ninnu) and his wife Bau and hosted multi-day festivals in their honor. History Girsu was possibly inhabited in the Ubaid period (5300-4800 BC), but significant levels of activity began in the Early Dynastic period (2900-2335 BC). At the time of Gudea, during the Second Dynasty of Lagash, Girsu became the capital of the Lagash kingdom and continued to be its religious center after political power had shifted to the city of Lagash. During the Ur III period, Girsu was a major administrative center for the empire. After the fall of Ur, Girsu declined in importance, but remained inhabited until . A 4th century BC bilingual Greek/Aramaic inscription was found there. Archaeology The site consists of two ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Goldsmith
A goldsmith is a Metalworking, metalworker who specializes in working with gold and other precious metals. Modern goldsmiths mainly specialize in jewelry-making but historically, they have also made cutlery, silverware, platter (dishware), platters, goblets, decorative and serviceable utensils, and ceremonial or religious items. Goldsmiths must be skilled in forming metal through file (tool), filing, brazing, soldering, sawing, forging, Casting (metalworking), casting, and polishing. The trade has very often included jewelry-making skills, as well as the very similar skills of the silversmith. Traditionally, these skills had been passed along through apprenticeships; more recently jewelry arts schools, specializing in teaching goldsmithing and a multitude of skills falling under the jewelry arts umbrella, are available. Many universities and junior colleges also offer goldsmithing, silversmithing, and metal arts fabrication as a part of their fine arts curriculum. Gold Compar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Andrew R
Andrew is the English form of the given name, common in many countries. The word is derived from the , ''Andreas'', itself related to ''aner/andros'', "man" (as opposed to "woman"), thus meaning "manly" and, as consequence, "brave", "strong", "courageous", and "warrior". In the King James Bible, the Greek "Ἀνδρέας" is translated as Andrew. Popularity In the 1990s, it was among the top ten most popular names given to boys in List of countries where English is an official language, English-speaking countries. Australia In 2000, the name Andrew was the second most popular name in Australia after James. In 1999, it was the 19th most common name, while in 1940, it was the 31st most common name. Andrew was the first most popular name given to boys in the Northern Territory in 2003 to 2015 and continuing. In Victoria, Andrew was the first most popular name for a boy in the 1970s. Canada Andrew was the 20th most popular name chosen for male infants in 2005. Andrew was the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
É (temple)
É (Cuneiform: ) is the Sumerian word or symbol for house or temple. The Sumerian term É.GAL (𒂍𒃲,"palace", literally "big house") denoted a city's main building. É.LUGAL (𒂍𒈗,"king's house") was used synonymously. In the texts of Lagash, the É.GAL is the center of the ensi's administration of the city, and the site of the city archives. Sumerian É.GAL is the probable etymology of Semitic words for "palace, temple", such as Hebrew היכל ''heikhal'', and Arabic هيكل ''haykal''. It has thus been speculated that the word É originated from something akin to *hai or *ˀai, especially since the cuneiform sign È is used for /a/ in Eblaite. The term TEMEN (𒋼) appearing frequently after É in names of ziggurats is translated as "foundation pegs", apparently the first step in the construction process of a house; compare, for example, verses 551–561 of the account of the construction of E-ninnu: ''Temen'' has been occasionally compared to Greek '' temenos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joan Goodnick Westenholz
Joan Goodnick Westenholz (1 July 1943 – February 2013) was an Assyriologist and the chief curator at the Bible Lands Museum in Jerusalem. She held positions related to academic research at the Oriental Institute (University of Chicago), Harvard University, Ruhr University Bochum (Germany), New York University, Princeton University, and the W. F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research at Jerusalem. She was one of the first people to research gender studies in relation to the Ancient Near East and she co-founded and edited the inter-disciplinary NIN – Journal of Gender Studies in Antiquity. Early life and education Westenholz was born in 1943 in Philadelphia and attended the University of Pennsylvania, where she graduated at the age of 21 with a degree in anthropology. She completed her PhD in Near Eastern Languages and Literatures from the University of Chicago The University of Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, or UChi) is a Private university, private research uni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
