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Nicholas Szák
Nicholas from the kindred Szák (; died March 1241) was a powerful Hungarian baron in the first decades of the 13th century. As a confidant of King Andrew II, he served as Palatine of Hungary from 1219 to 1222 and for a brief period in 1226. During his first term, he initiated a comprehensive reform of the judicial system. He lost political influence when King Béla IV ascended the Hungarian throne in 1235. Nicholas was killed on the eve of the First Mongol invasion of Hungary in March 1241, confronting the Cumans, who decided to leave Hungary and destroyed many villages on their way towards the Balkan Peninsula after the assassination of their ''khan'' Köten. Early life and career Nicholas was born into the Gyalán branch of the ''gens'' (clan) Szák, which possessed lands in Central Transdanubia, primarily in Tolna and Komárom counties, centered around the namesake estate Szák. He was the only known son of Barc. Nicholas' marriage with an unidentified noblewoman produced ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Palatine Of Hungary
The Palatine of Hungary ( or , , ) was the highest-ranking office in the Kingdom of Hungary from the beginning of the 11th century to 1848. Initially, Palatines were representatives of the monarchs, later (from 1723) the vice-regent (viceroy). In the early centuries of the kingdom, they were appointed by the king, and later (from 1608) were elected by the Diet of the Kingdom of Hungary. A Palatine's jurisdiction included only Hungary proper, in the Kingdom of Croatia until 1918 the ban held similar function as the highest office in the Kingdom (after the king himself), monarch's representative, commander of the royal army and viceroy (after the union of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia with Hungary in 1102). Title The earliest recorded Medieval Latin form of the title was ''comes palatii'' ("count of the palace"); it was preserved in the deed of foundation of the Tihany Abbey, issued in 1055. A new variant ''(comes palatinus)'' came into use in the second half of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ispán
The ispánRady 2000, p. 19.''Stephen Werbőczy: The Customary Law of the Renowned Kingdom of Hungary in Three Parts (1517)'', p. 450. or countEngel 2001, p. 40.Curta 2006, p. 355. (, , and ),Kirschbaum 2007, p. 315. deriving from title of župan, was the leader of a castle district (a fortress and the royal lands attached to it) in the Kingdom of Hungary from the early 11th century. Most of them were also heads of the basic administrative units of the kingdom, called County (Kingdom of Hungary), counties, and from the 13th century the latter function became dominant. The ''ispáns'' were appointed and dismissed by either the king of Hungary, monarchs or a high-ranking royal official responsible for the administration of a larger territorial unit within the kingdom. They fulfilled administrative, judicial and military functions in one or more counties. Heads of counties were often represented locally by their deputies, the vice-ispánsRady 2000, p. 41. (,Nemes 1989, p. 21. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
File Szeretvai
File Szeretvai (, Old Ruthenian: Филѧ; died 17 August 1245) was a Hungarian noble and military leader in the first half of the 13th century, who faithfully served kings Andrew II and then Béla IV. He participated in various royal campaigns against the Principality of Halych, which allowed him to rise to the ranks of the upper nobility. He functioned as Master of the stewards from 1231 to 1232. Service in Halych The parentage of File (also Phyle, Füle, Fila or Filja) is unknown. His descendants later possessed landholdings mostly in the northeast part of Upper Hungary, including Szeretva (present-day Stretava, Slovakia), which he acquired during his career and later was named after this village. He may have been of relatively lesser noble origin,Engel: ''Genealógia'' (Szeretvai amocsa, Majosfamily) while Mór Wertner considered that he had belonged to the ''gens'' Miskolc. Ukrainian historian Myroslav Voloshchuk also shared this viewpoint based on a 1233 charter, but he m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sopron County
Sopron (German language, German: ''Ödenburg'', Slovak language, Slovak: ''Šopron'') was an administrative county (Comitatus (Kingdom of Hungary), comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its territory is now divided between Austria and Hungary. The capital of the county was Sopron. Geography Sopron county shared borders with the Austrian land Lower Austria and the Hungarian counties Moson, Győr (county), Győr, Veszprém County (former), Veszprém and Vas County (former), Vas. The Lake Neusiedl (Hungarian: ''Fertő tó'', German: ''Neusiedler See'') lay in the county. Its area was about 3,256 km2 around 1910. History The Sopron Counties of the Kingdom of Hungary, comitatus arose as one of the first comitati of the Kingdom of Hungary. In 1920, by the Treaty of Trianon the western part of the county became part of First Austrian Republic, Austria, while the eastern part became a part of Hungary. In 1921, it was decided by referendum that the city of Sopron and eight surro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John, Archbishop Of Esztergom
John (; died November 1223) was a prelate in the Kingdom of Hungary in the 12th and 13th centuries. He was Bishop of Csanád (now Cenad in Romania) between 1198 and 1201, Archbishop of Kalocsa from 1202 to 1205 and Archbishop of Esztergom between 1205 and 1223. He crowned Ladislaus III of Hungary, Andrew II of Hungary and Coloman of Galicia as king. Andrew II appointed him to govern the kingdom during his crusade between 1217 and 1218. Early career His origin is uncertain; some 19th-century historiographical works consider John was the brother of Queen Gertrude of Merania, King Andrew's consort. This supposition is based on Adam František Kollár, Adam Franz Kollár's 1762 work, the ''Historiae diplomaticae juris patronatus apostolicorum Hungariae regum libri tres''. However Pope Innocent III clearly stated that John was of Hungarian origin ("[...] ''quae de regno Hungariae originem duceret'' [...]"), when transferred him from Kalocsa to Esztergom in his papal bull of 6 October 12 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peter II, Bishop Of Győr
Peter (; died 1218) was a Hungarian prelate at the turn of the 12th and 13th centuries, who served as Bishop of Győr from 1205 to 1218. Prior to that, he was chancellor in the royal court of Emeric, King of Hungary between 1202 and 1204. He participated in the Fifth Crusade, where he was killed in fights against the Ayyubid Sultanate. Some historians identify him with the chronicler Anonymus, author of the ''Gesta Hungarorum''. Early life Peter (also Pescha and Pechse) was born in the mid-1170s, as he was about the same age as King Andrew II, according to his royal charter from 1217. They were brought up together in the royal court of Andrew's father, Béla III. The aforementioned name variants confirm his Hungarian origin. The reconstruction of Peter's early life is uncertain and contested, mainly depending on the existing parallel scholarly standpoints that he can be identified with the chronicler Anonymus or not. In 1966, literary journal ''Irodalomtörténeti Közlemények ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Siege Of Damietta (1218–1219)
The siege of Damietta of 1218–1219 was part of the Fifth Crusade in which the Crusaders attacked the Egyptian port city of Damietta. The city, under the control of the Ayyubid sultan al-Kamil, was besieged in 1218 and taken by the Crusaders in 1219. At the beginning of the Fifth Crusade, it was agreed that a force would attempt to take Damietta, located at the mouth of the river Nile. The Crusaders then planned to use this city as a launching point for the southern portion of a pincer attack upon Jerusalem from Acre and Suez. Control over the area would also provide wealth to finance the continuation of the crusade, and reduce the threat from the Muslim fleet.Douglas Sterling, "Crusader Siege in the Nile Delta," ''Military History'' 22, no. 5 (August 2005). By 1221, Damietta was lost when Crusader forces surrendered the city and evacuated Egypt. Preparation In March 1218, the Crusader ships of the Fifth Crusade set sail to the port of Acre. In late May, the forces assigned to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Holy Land
The term "Holy Land" is used to collectively denote areas of the Southern Levant that hold great significance in the Abrahamic religions, primarily because of their association with people and events featured in the Bible. It is traditionally synonymous with what is known as the Land of Israel ( Zion) or the Promised Land in a biblical or religious context, or as Canaan or Palestine in a secular or geographic context—referring to a region that is mostly between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. Today, it chiefly overlaps with the combined territory of the modern states of Israel and Palestine. Most notable among the religions that tie substantial spiritual value to the Holy Land are Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. A considerable part of the Holy Land's importance derives from Jerusalem, which is regarded as extremely sacred in and of itself. It is the holiest city in Judaism and Christianity and the third-holiest city in Islam (behind Mecca and Medina in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fifth Crusade
The Fifth Crusade (September 1217 - August 29, 1221) was a campaign in a series of Crusades by Western Europeans to reacquire Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land by first conquering Egypt, ruled by the powerful Ayyubid sultanate, led by al-Adil, brother of Saladin. After the failure of the Fourth Crusade, Innocent III again called for a crusade, and began organizing Crusading armies led by Andrew II of Hungary and Leopold VI of Austria, soon to be joined by John of Brienne, titular King of Jerusalem. An initial campaign in late 1217 in Syria was inconclusive, and Andrew departed. A German army led by cleric Oliver of Paderborn, and a mixed army of Dutch, Flemish and Frisian soldiers led by William I of Holland, then joined the Crusade in Acre, with a goal of first conquering Egypt, viewed as the key to Jerusalem. There, cardinal Pelagius Galvani arrived as papal legate and ''de facto'' leader of the Crusade, supported by John of Brienne and the masters of the Templar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Győr County
Győr county (in Hungarian: ''Győr (vár)megye'') was an administrative county (comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary, situated mostly on the right (south) side of the Danube river. Its territory is now part of Hungary, except seven villages on the left side of the Danube which belong to Slovakia. The capital of the county was the city of Győr. Geography Győr county shared borders with the counties Moson, Pozsony, Komárom, Veszprém and Sopron. The rivers Danube, and Rába run through the county. Its area was 1534 km2 around 1910. History The Győr comitatus arose as one of the first comitatus of the Kingdom of Hungary. Its southern part was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1543. The Ottoman Empire meant a constant threat to the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary therefore the Habsburg kings divided the kingdom's remaining territory into captaincies. The Captaincy of Győr was located between lake Balaton and river Danube. In 1594, the Ottomans captured the city Győr, however ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Assassination Of Gertrude Of Merania
Gertrude of Merania, the List of Hungarian royal consorts, queen consort of Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301), Hungary as the first wife of King Andrew II of Hungary, Andrew II (r. 1205–1235), was assassinated by a group of Hungarian lords on 28 September 1213 in the Pilis Mountains during a royal hunting expedition. Leopold VI, Duke of Austria and Gertrude's brother Berthold (patriarch of Aquileia), Berthold, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Kalocsa–Kecskemét, Archbishop of Kalocsa were also wounded but survived the attack. The assassination became one of the most high-profile criminal cases in the history of Hungary, and caused widespread astonishment across Europe in the 13th century. Despite a relatively diverse and large number of domestic and foreign sources, the motivation of the killers is unclear. According to contemporary sources, Gertrude's blatant favoritism towards her German kinsmen and courtiers had stirred up discontent among the native lords and prompted her murd ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
