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New Oxford Style Manual
''Hart's Rules'' is the oldest continuously updated style guide in the English language, providing advice on topics such as punctuation, citation, and typography. Printer and biographer Horace Hart first issued the work in 1893 for the compositors and readers of Oxford University Press (OUP). It has evolved through multiple editions to become one of the most influential works of its kind. Origins The first edition of ''Hart's Rules for Compositors and Readers at the University Press, Oxford'' appeared in 1893, as a privately circulated 24-page booklet, printed on small-format blue card and issued without charge to staff of the Oxford University Press. Its compiler, Horace Hart (1840–1916), had been appointed Controller of the Press in 1883, tasked with modernizing what was then a struggling and bifurcated institution — divided between a commercially successful Bible Side and a faltering Learned Side. The original ''Rules'' had more modest aims than their later successor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Horace Hart
Horace Henry Hart (1840 – 9 October 1916) was an England, English printer and biographer. He was the author of ''Hart's Rules, Hart's Rules for Compositors and Readers'', first issued in 1893. Early life and early career Hart was born in Suffolk in 1840; his father was a shoemaker. He was sent to the printers Woodfall & Kinder in London at the age of fourteen, and was apprenticed to the compositor’s trade two years later. He became the manager of Woodfall & Kinder by the age of twenty-six, but left to take over management of the London branch of the Edinburgh-based Ballantyne Press. He left Ballantyne Press in 1880, when he was appointed manager of the head office and main works of William Clowes & Sons, which was then the biggest printing house in Britain. He left, however, after only three years at Clowes, when vacancy for Controller of the Oxford University Press (OUP) was advertised. Oxford University Press Hart served as Printer to the Oxford University, Universit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
James Murray (lexicographer)
Sir James Augustus Henry Murray, Fellow of the British Academy, FBA (; 7 February 1837 – 26 July 1915) was a British Lexicography, lexicographer and Philology, philologist. He was the primary editor of the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (''OED'') from 1879 until his death. Life and learning James Murray was born in the village of Denholm near Hawick in the Scottish Borders, the eldest son of a draper, Thomas Murray. His brothers included Charles Oliver Murray and A. D. Murray, later editor of the ''Newcastle Daily Journal''. He was christened plain 'James Murray', but in 1855 he assumed the extra names 'Augustus Henry' in order to distinguish himself from other James Murrays in the Hawick area. A precocious child with a voracious appetite for learning, he left school at fourteen because his parents were not able to afford to pay the fees to continue his education. At seventeen he became a teacher at Hawick Grammar School (now Hawick High School) and three years later he was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Academic Style Guides
An academy (Attic Greek: Ἀκαδήμεια; Koine Greek Ἀκαδημία) is an institution of tertiary education. The name traces back to Plato's school of philosophy, founded approximately 386 BC at Akademia, a sanctuary of Athena, the goddess of wisdom and skill, north of Athens, Greece. The Royal Spanish Academy defines academy as scientific, literary or artistic society established with public authority and as a teaching establishment, public or private, of a professional, artistic, technical or simply practical nature. Etymology The word comes from the ''Academy'' in ancient Greece, which derives from the Athenian hero, '' Akademos''. Outside the city walls of Athens, the gymnasium was made famous by Plato as a center of learning. The sacred space, dedicated to the goddess of wisdom, Athena, had formerly been an olive grove, hence the expression "the groves of Academe". In these gardens, the philosopher Plato conversed with followers. Plato developed his sessio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1893 Non-fiction Books
Events January * January 2 – Webb C. Ball introduces railroad chronometers, which become the general railroad timepiece standards in North America. * January 6 – The Washington National Cathedral is chartered by Congress; the charter is signed by President Benjamin Harrison. * January 13 ** The Independent Labour Party of the United Kingdom has its first meeting. ** U.S. Marines from the ''USS Boston'' land in Honolulu, Hawaii, to prevent the queen from abrogating the Bayonet Constitution. * January 15 – The ''Telefon Hírmondó'' service starts with around 60 subscribers, in Budapest. * January 17 – Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii: Lorrin A. Thurston and the Committee of Safety (Hawaii), Citizen's Committee of Public Safety in Hawaii, with the intervention of the United States Marine Corps, overthrow the government of Queen Liliuokalani. * January 21 – The Tati Concessions Land, formerly part of Matabeleland, is formally annexed to the Bec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The King's English
''The King's English'' is a book on English usage and grammar. It was written by the brothers Henry Watson Fowler and Francis George Fowler and published in 1906; it thus predates by twenty years '' Modern English Usage'', which was written by Henry alone after Francis's death in 1918. ''The King's English'' is less like a dictionary than ''Modern English Usage'': it consists of longer articles on more general topics, such as vocabulary, syntax, and punctuation and draws heavily on examples from many sources throughout. One of its sections is a systematic description of the appropriate uses of ''shall'' and ''will''. The third and last edition was published in 1931, by which time ''Modern English Usage'' had superseded it in popularity. Because all living languages continually evolve, the book is now considered outdated in some respects, and some of the Fowlers' opinions about correct English usage are at times seen as antiquated (yet not incorrect) with regard to contemporar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fowler's Modern English Usage
''A Dictionary of Modern English Usage'' (1926), by H. W. Fowler (1858–1933), is a style guide to British English usage and writing. It covers a wide range of topics that relate to usage, including: plurals, nouns, verbs, punctuation, cases, parentheses, quotation marks, the use of foreign terms, and so on. The dictionary became the standard for other style guides to writing in English. The 1926 first edition remains in print, along with the 1965 second edition, which is edited by Ernest Gowers, and was reprinted in 1983 and 1987. The 1996 third edition was re-titled as ''The New Fowler's Modern English Usage'', and revised in 2004, was mostly rewritten by Robert W. Burchfield, as a usage dictionary that incorporated corpus linguistics data; and the 2015 fourth edition, revised and re-titled ''Fowler's Dictionary of Modern English Usage'', was edited by Jeremy Butterfield, as a usage dictionary. Informally, readers refer to the style guide and dictionary as ''Fowler's Moder ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frederick Howard Collins (indexer)
Frederick Howard Collins (1857-1910) was a British indexer and writer. Best known for his ''Authors' and printers' dictionary'' (1905), Collins also wrote on the philosophy of Herbert Spencer and on subject indexing. Collins' dictionary is one of the earliest known sources that recommend using a serial comma The serial comma (also referred to as the series comma, Oxford comma, or Harvard comma) is a comma placed after the second-to-last term in a list (just before the conjunction) when writing out three or more terms. For example, a list of three c ... or "Oxford comma", citing a written recommendation by Herbert Spencer. Works * ''An epitome of the Synthetic philosophy'', London: Williams and Norgate, 1889. With a preface by Herbert Spencer. * ''The diminution of the jaw in the civilized races: an effect of disease'', London and Edinburgh: Williams and Norgate, 1891 * ''Twelve charts of the tidal streams on the west coast of Scotland'', London: J.D. Potter, 1894 * 'Subject i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
MHRA Style Guide
The ''MHRA Style Guide'' is an open-access handbook of academic writing published by the Modern Humanities Research Association. Widely adopted in the United Kingdom and beyond, particularly in the fields of modern languages, literature, and cultural studies, the guide standardizes conventions for spelling, punctuation, and citation. The fourth edition (2024) has been substantially revised from earlier versions to reflect developments in digital publishing and contemporary academic practice. History The style guide descends from the ''MHRA Style Book'', first issued in 1971. Its roots lie in the editorial meetings of the '' Modern Language Review'', held since 1905. The 2024 edition represents the ninth revision overall and the fourth under the ''Style Guide'' title. Editorial oversight is entrusted to a voluntary committee of scholars. Scope and purpose The ''MHRA Style Guide'' does not address questions of rhetoric, argument, or expression. Rather, it offers prescr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Chicago Manual Of Style
''The Chicago Manual of Style'' (''CMOS'') is a style guide for American English published since 1906 by the University of Chicago Press. Its 18 editions (the most recent in 2024) have prescribed writing and citation styles widely used in publishing. The guide specifically focuses on American English and deals with aspects of editorial practice, including grammar and usage, as well as document preparation and formatting. It is available in print as a hardcover book, and by subscription as a searchable website. The online version provides some free resources, primarily aimed at teachers, students, and libraries. Availability and uses ''The Chicago Manual of Style'' is published in hardcover and online. The online edition includes the searchable text of the 16th through 18th—its most recent—editions with features such as tools for editors, a citation guide summary, and searchable access to a Q&A, where University of Chicago Press editors answer readers' style questions. ''Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Henry Bradley
Henry Bradley, FBA (3 December 1845 – 23 May 1923) was a British philologist and lexicographer who succeeded James Murray as senior editor of the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (OED). Early life Bradley had humble beginnings as a farmer's son in Nottinghamshire, but by adolescence, he was already steeped in several languages of Classical learning, and he is supposed to have learned Russian in only 14 days. Simon Winchester records that some of Bradley's childhood notebooks, discovered by a friend, contained ...lists of words peculiar to the Pentateuch or Isaiah, Hebrew Hapax legomenon, singletons, the form of the verb ''to be'' in Algerine, Arabic alphabet, Arabic, bardic and Cuneiform script, cuneiform lettering, Arabisms and Chaldean Neo-Aramaic, Chaldaisms in the New Testament, with vocabularies that imply he was reading Homer, Virgil, Sallust and the Hebrew Bible, Hebrew Old Testament at the same time. In another group the notes pass from the life of Antar ben Toofail ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oxford English Dictionary
The ''Oxford English Dictionary'' (''OED'') is the principal historical dictionary of the English language, published by Oxford University Press (OUP), a University of Oxford publishing house. The dictionary, which published its first edition in 1884, traces the historical development of the English language, providing a comprehensive resource to scholars and academic researchers, and provides ongoing descriptions of English language usage in its variations around the world. In 1857, work first began on the dictionary, though the first edition was not published until 1884. It began to be published in unbound Serial (literature), fascicles as work continued on the project, under the name of ''A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles; Founded Mainly on the Materials Collected by The Philological Society''. In 1895, the title ''The Oxford English Dictionary'' was first used unofficially on the covers of the series, and in 1928 the full dictionary was republished in 10 b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of European mainland, the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The UK includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland, and most of List of islands of the United Kingdom, the smaller islands within the British Isles, covering . Northern Ireland shares Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border, a land border with the Republic of Ireland; otherwise, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel, the Celtic Sea and the Irish Sea. It maintains sovereignty over the British Overseas Territories, which are located across various oceans and seas globally. The UK had an estimated population of over 68.2 million people in 2023. The capital and largest city of both England and the UK is London. The cities o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
