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Narcyz Witczak-Witaczyński
Narcyz Witczak-Witaczyński (29 October 1898 - 27 March 1943) was a Polish military officer and photographer. Biography After escaping from his family home, on August 13, 1915, he volunteered for the 2nd squadron of the Puławy Legion Uhlans, which was reformed into a division and later the 1st Regiment of Polish Uhlans at the Imperial Russian Army. For his participation in the Battle of Krechowce, he was awarded the Virtuti Militari order following the regaining of independent by Poland and the establishment of the Second Polish Republic. He then fought with the 1st Polish Corps commanded by General Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki against the Bolsheviks. After the Corps was disbanded, he went to the Kiev region and then to Vologda. There, on August 5, 1918, he was arrested, taken to Moscow and incorporated into the Mazovian Uhlan Regiment, fighting on the Bolshevik side. At Kazan, while trying to lead his platoon to the other side of the front, he was wounded and taken to a hospital in M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Congress Poland
Congress Poland or Congress Kingdom of Poland, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland, was a polity created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna as a semi-autonomous Polish state, a successor to Napoleon's Duchy of Warsaw. It was established when the French ceded a part of Polish territory to the Russian Empire following France's defeat in the Napoleonic Wars. In 1915, during World War I, it was replaced by the German-controlled nominal Regency Kingdom until Poland regained independence in 1918. Following the partitions of Poland at the end of the 18th century, Poland ceased to exist as an independent nation for 123 years. The territory, with its native population, was split among the Habsburg monarchy, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Russian Empire. After 1804, an equivalent to Congress Poland within the Austrian Empire was the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, also commonly referred to as " Austrian Poland". The area incorporated into Prussia initially also held autonomy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Invasion Of Poland
The invasion of Poland, also known as the September Campaign, Polish Campaign, and Polish Defensive War of 1939 (1 September – 6 October 1939), was a joint attack on the Second Polish Republic, Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany, the Slovak Republic (1939–1945), Slovak Republic, and the Soviet Union, which marked the beginning of World War II. The German invasion began on 1 September 1939, one week after the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union, and one day after the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union had approved the pact. The Soviet invasion of Poland, Soviets invaded Poland on 17 September. The campaign ended on 6 October with Germany and the Soviet Union dividing and annexing the whole of Poland under the terms of the German–Soviet Frontier Treaty. The aim of the invasion was to disestablish Poland as a sovereign country, with its citizens destined for The Holocaust, extermination. German and Field Army Bernolák, Slovak forces ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Order Of Faithful Service
The National Order of Faithful Service () is the second highest national order of Romania after the Order of the Star of Romania, and the third highest State decoration, with the Order of Michael the Brave being the first. Originally it was established as the Medal of Faithful Service in 1878, during the reign of King Carol I. In 1906, the Cross of Faithful Service was added to the existing medal, as a superior class. During the reign of King Carol II, in 1932, the Order was established with four ranks: grand cross, grand officer, commodore, and officer. Between 1940 and 1948, only the medal was awarded. It was discontinued by the communist authorities in 1948, along with all the other Romanian decorations. It was re-instituted on 31 March 2000, alongside the Cross and Medal of Faithful Service. It differs from the 1932 version in the number of ranks, an order of knight (the lowest) being added. Is awarded for special services to Romania. It is also awarded to foreign national ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cross Of The Home Army
The Cross of the Home Army () is a Polish military decoration that was introduced by General Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski on 1 August 1966 to commemorate the efforts of the soldiers of the Polish Secret State between 1939 and 1945. The decoration was awarded to soldiers of the Home Army (Armia Krajowa) and of its predecessor organizations ( Służba Zwycięstwu Polski, Związek Walki Zbrojnej). The first recipient (posthumous) was General Stefan ''Grot''–Rowecki. The award was supported by the Polish government in exile in London and was not recognized by the People's Republic of Poland, which viewed members of the mostly anti-communist Armia Krajowa as enemies of the state. After the fall of communism, in 1992 it was recognized by the government of Poland and was awarded by the president of Poland The president of Poland ( ), officially the president of the Republic of Poland (), is the head of state of Poland. His or her prerogatives and duties are determined in the Const ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Medal For Long Service
The Medal for Long Service (Polish: ''Medal za Długoletnią Służbę'') is a Polish decoration awarded in three classes (gold, silver and bronze) to members of the Polish Armed Forces and other uniformed services, and to Civil Servants, civil servants who have honorably completed 30, 20 or 10 years of service to the State. History The medal was established by the Law of January 8, 1938. After the outbreak of the Second World War the conferment was suspended, and after the war the medal was eventually discontinued. In 1951, it was replaced by the Medal of the Armed Forces in the Service of the Fatherland for members of the armed forces. The Medal for Long Service was revived by the Law of 14 June 2007, which amended the Act of 16 October 1992, concerning medals and decorations, along with the Military Cross (Poland), Military Cross and the Military Cross of Merit (Poland), Military, Air Force Cross of Merit (Poland), Air Force and Navy Cross of Merit (Poland), Navy Cross of Merit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Academic Laurel
Academic Laurel (Polish: Wawrzyn Akademicki) is a Polish decoration established in 1934 during the period of the Second Polish Republic, awarded annually to individuals who have made significant contributions to literature, as proposed by the Polish Academy of Literature The Polish Academy of Literature () was one of the most important state institutions of literary life in the Second Polish Republic, operating between 1933 and 1939 with the headquarters in Warsaw. It was founded by the decree of the Council of .... History and awarding The decoration was established by the decree of the Minister of Religious Affairs and Public Education on February 21, 1934. The Laurel was awarded to individuals who have contributed to Polish literature through: # outstanding literary creativity, # outstanding activity in the field of care for Polish literature, # outstanding editorial or organizational work in the field of literature, # promoting a passion for Polish literature, # promot ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cross Of Merit (Poland)
A cross is a religious symbol consisting of two intersecting lines, usually perpendicular to each other. The lines usually run vertically and horizontally. A cross of oblique lines, in the shape of the Latin letter X, is termed a saltire in heraldic terminology. The cross shape has been widely officially recognized as an absolute and exclusive religious symbol of Christianity from an early period in that religion's history.''Christianity: an introduction'' by Alister E. McGrath 2006 pages 321-323 Before then, it was used as a religious or cultural symbol throughout , in west and |
Cross Of Valour (Poland)
The Cross of Valour () is a Polish military decoration. It was introduced by the Council of National Defense on 11 August 1920. It is awarded to an individual who "has demonstrated deeds of valour and courage on the field of battle." It may be awarded to the same person up to four times.The only soldier ever to receive more than 4 Crosses of Valour was Stefan Grot-Rowecki, commander of the Polish Home Army during World War II, who had reached his quota of 4 crosses during World War I and the Polish-Soviet War, yet was awarded 4 more crosses on 1 May 1943. See: The medal is given only in wartime or shortly after.Zdzislaw P. Wesolowski, ''Polish Orders, Medals, Badges and Insignia: Military and Civilian Decorations, 1705–1985'', pp. 22–24, 41–42, 58. History Polish-Soviet War The medal was introduced in 1920 at the height of the Polish-Soviet War, shortly before the climactic Battle of Warsaw. Initially it had no Order Council and was awarded personally by the Commander- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cross Of Independence
Cross of Independence () was the second highest Polish military decoration between World Wars I and II. It was awarded to individuals who had fought actively for the independence of Poland, and was released in three classes. History The Cross of Independence was established with a decree of the President of Poland of 29 October 1930. It was to be awarded to the people who ''laid foundations for the independence of the Fatherland before the World War or during it, as well as during the fights between 1818 and 1921, with the exception of the Polish-Russian War''. After 1938 it was also awarded to people responsible for Trans-Olza's annexation by Poland. Although the cross without the swords was awarded mainly to the civilians, all versions were considered to be military decorations. If awarded to a soldier it was worn before the 4th class of the Polonia Restituta and when awarded to a civilian – before the Volunteer Cross for War (''Medal Ochotniczy za Wojnę''). T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Virtuti Militari
The War Order of Virtuti Militari (Latin: ''"For Military Virtue"'', ) is Poland's highest military decoration for heroism and courage in the face of the enemy at war. It was established in 1792 by the last King of Poland Stanislaus II of Poland, Stanislaus II Augustus and is the oldest Military awards and decorations, military decoration in the world still in use. It is awarded in five classes either for personal heroism or, to commanders, for leadership. Some of the heroic actions recognized by an award of the Virtuti Militari are equivalent to those meriting the Commonwealth of Nations, British Victoria Cross and the United States, American Medal of Honor. Soon after its introduction, however, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was destroyed in the partitions of Poland (1795), and the partitioning powers abolished the decoration and prohibited its wearing. Since then, the award has been reintroduced, renamed and banned several times, with its fate closely reflecting the Hist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polska Zbrojna
200px, Border Protection Forces troops read Polska Zbrojna ''Polska Zbrojna'' (Armed Poland) is a monthly magazine on military and military history, published in Poland. It is the largest regular publication in Poland focusing on that specific subject area, intended for soldiers of the regular army. ''Polska Zbrojna'' is one of the oldest Polish magazines, first published in 1921 as a newspaper and semiofficial publication of the Polish Ministry of National Defense. Its publication was interrupted by World War II and resumed after the war ended. In 1950 the magazine was renamed as "Żołnierz Wolności" (Soldier of Freedom) and existed under that name until 1991. Following the establishment the Third Polish Republic, in 1991 it returned to its original name, and soon afterwards turned into a weekly. It was published by Bellona Publishing House, and most recently by the Military Editorship, an agency of the Ministry of National Defense A ministry of defence or defense (see ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
