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Naphyrone
Naphyrone, also known as O-2482 and naphthylpyrovalerone, is a stimulant drug of the cathinone and naphthylaminopropane families. It was derived from pyrovalerone and acts as a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI). Naphyrone has been reported as a novel designer drug. No safety or toxicity data is available on the drug. The drug has been marketed under the name “NRG-1,” although only a minority of samples of substances sold under this name have been found to actually contain naphyrone, and even samples that proved to contain genuine β-naphyrone were in some cases also found to contain the 1-naphthyl isomer α-naphyrone in varying proportions, further confusing the reported effects profile. Use in the United Kingdom Naphyrone emerged as a new legal high in the United Kingdom only months after the ban of similar drug mephedrone (which was also a cathinone derivative). Until July 2010 the substance was not controlled by the Misuse of Drugs Act 19 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Substituted Cathinone
Substituted cathinones, or simply cathinones, which include some stimulants and Empathogen-entactogen, entactogens, are chemical derivative, derivatives of cathinone. They feature a substituted phenethylamine, phenethylamine core with an alkyl functional group, group attached to the alpha and beta carbon, alpha carbon, and a ketone group attached to the alpha and beta carbon, beta carbon, along with additional Substitution reaction, substitutions. Cathinone occurs naturally in the plant khat whose leaves are chewed as a recreational drug. Substituted cathinones act as monoamine releasing agents and/or monoamine reuptake inhibitors, including of norepinephrine, dopamine, and/or serotonin. In contrast to substituted amphetamines, most substituted cathinones do not act as agonists of the human trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1). This may potentiate their stimulating and drug addiction, addictive effects. In addition, β-keto-substituted phenethylamines, such as βk-2C-B, app ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor
A serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI), also known as a triple reuptake inhibitor (TRI), is a type of drug that acts as a combined reuptake inhibitor of the monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Monoamine structures (including neurotransmitters) contain a singular amino group (mono) linked to an aromatic ring by a chain of two carbons. SNDRIs prevent reuptake of these monoamine neurotransmitters through the simultaneous inhibition of the serotonin transporter (SERT), norepinephrine transporter (NET), and dopamine transporter (DAT), respectively, increasing their extracellular concentrations and, therefore, resulting in an increase in Serotonin, serotonergic, adrenergic, and dopaminergic neurotransmission. SNDRIs were developed as potential antidepressants and treatments for other disorders, such as obesity, cocaine addiction, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and chronic pain. The increase in neurotransmitter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Class B Drug
The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (c. 38) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It represents action in line with treaty commitments under the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, and the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. Offences under the act include: * Possession of a controlled drug unlawfully * Possession of a controlled drug with intent to supply it * Supplying or offering to supply a controlled drug (even where no charge is made for the drug) * Allowing premises you occupy or manage to be used unlawfully for the purpose of producing or supplying controlled drugs The act establishes the Home Secretary as the principal authority in a drug licensing system. Therefore, for example, various opiates are available legally as prescription-only medicines, and cannabis (hemp) may be grown under licence for 'industrial purposes'. The ( SI 2001/3998), created under t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Misuse Of Drugs Act 1971
The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (c. 38) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It represents action in line with treaty commitments under the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, and the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. Offences under the act include: * Possession of a controlled drug unlawfully * Possession of a controlled drug with intent to supply it * Supplying or offering to supply a controlled drug (even where no charge is made for the drug) * Allowing premises you occupy or manage to be used unlawfully for the purpose of producing or supplying controlled drugs The act establishes the Home Secretary as the principal authority in a drug licensing system. Therefore, for example, various opiates are available legally as prescription-only medicines, and cannabis (hemp) may be grown under licence for 'industrial purposes'. The ( SI 2001/3998), created unde ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyrovalerone
(Centroton, 4-Methyl-β-keto-prolintane, Thymergix, O-2371) is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that acts as a norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI). It was developed in the 1980s and had briefly been approved in Spain and France for chronic fatigue or lethargy and as an appetite suppressant, but was withdrawn from both markets around 2001 due to safety concerns including problems with abuse and dependence. It is closely related on a structural level to a number of other cathinone stimulants, such as α-PVP, MDPV and prolintane. Side effects of pyrovalerone include decreased appetite, anxiety, fragmented sleep or insomnia, and trembling, shaking, or muscle tremors. Withdrawal symptoms following abuse upon discontinuation often results in depression. The ''R''-enantiomer In chemistry, an enantiomer (Help:IPA/English, /ɪˈnænti.əmər, ɛ-, -oʊ-/ Help:Pronunciation respelling key, ''ih-NAN-tee-ə-mər''), also known as an optical isomer, an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Substituted Naphthylaminopropane
The substituted naphthylethylamines are a class of chemical compounds based on naphthalene. Many naphthylethylamines are naphthylaminopropanes (also known as naphthylisopropylamines) due to the presence of a methyl group at the alpha carbon of the alkyl chain. The naphthylethylamines are derivatives of the phenethylamines, while the naphthylaminopropanes are derivatives of the amphetamines. There are two types of naphthylethylamines based on positional isomerism: 1-naphthylethylamines and 2-naphthylethylamines. Examples of these include 1-naphthylaminopropane (1-NAP) and 2-naphthylaminopropane (2-NAP), respectively. List of substituted naphthylethylamines The substituted napthylethylamines include the following compounds: Additional naphthylethylamines include 4-NEMD, centanafadine (EB-1020), nafimidone, naphazoline, and xaliproden (SR-57746). Some synthetic cannabinoids such as THJ-018 and THJ-2201 are also naphthylethylamines. Related compounds Some related compound ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nano-
Nano (symbol n) is a unit prefix meaning one billionth. Used primarily with the metric system, this prefix denotes a factor of 10−9 or . It is frequently encountered in science and electronics for prefixing units of time and length. The prefix derives from the Greek (Latin ), meaning "dwarf". The General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) officially endorsed the usage of ''nano'' as a standard prefix in 1960. When used as a prefix for something other than a unit of measure (as for example in words like "nanoscience"), nano refers to nanotechnology, or means "on a scale of nanometres" ( nanoscale). Nanometre X-rays have a wavelength ranging from the size of 0.01 nm to 10 nm. Three gold atoms lined up are about one nanometer (nm) long. Human fingernails grow at approximately one nanometer per second. Nanosecond One nanosecond (ns) is about the time required for light to travel 30 cm in air, or 20 cm in an optical fiber. See also * RKM code The R ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Triple Reuptake Inhibitor
Triple is used in several contexts to mean "threefold" or a " treble": Sports * Triple (baseball), a three-base hit * A basketball three-point field goal * A figure skating jump with three rotations * In bowling terms, three strikes in a row * In cycling, a crankset with three chainrings Places * Triple Islands, an uninhabited island group in Nunavut, Canada * Triple Island, British Columbia, Canada * Triple Falls (other), four waterfalls in the United States & Canada * Triple Glaciers, in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming * Triple Crossing, Richmond, Virginia, believed to be the only place in North America where three Class I railroads cross * Triple Bridge, a stone arch bridge in Ljubljana, Slovenia Transportation * Kawasaki triple, a Japanese motorcycle produced between 1969 and 1980 * Triumph Triple, a motorcycle engine from Triumph Motorcycles Ltd * A straight-three engine * A semi-truck with three trailers Science and technology * Triple (mathematics) (3- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
IC50
Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) is a measure of the potency of a substance in inhibiting a specific biological or biochemical function. IC50 is a quantitative measure that indicates how much of a particular inhibitory substance (e.g. drug) is needed to inhibit, ''in vitro'', a given biological process or biological component by 50%. The biological component could be an enzyme, cell, cell receptor or microbe. IC50 values are typically expressed as molar concentration. IC50 is commonly used as a measure of antagonist drug potency in pharmacological research. IC50 is comparable to other measures of potency, such as EC50 for excitatory drugs. EC50 represents the dose or plasma concentration required for obtaining 50% of a maximum effect ''in vivo''. IC50 can be determined with functional assays or with competition binding assays. Sometimes, IC50 values are converted to the pIC50 scale. :\ce = -\log_ \ce Due to the minus sign, higher values of pIC50 indicate ex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reuptake
Reuptake is the reabsorption of a neurotransmitter by a neurotransmitter transporter located along the plasma membrane of an axon terminal (i.e., the pre-synaptic neuron at a synapse) or glial cell after it has performed its function of transmitting a neural impulse. Reuptake is necessary for normal synaptic physiology because it allows for the recycling of neurotransmitters and regulates the level of neurotransmitter present in the synapse, thereby controlling how long a signal resulting from neurotransmitter release lasts. Because neurotransmitters are too large and hydrophilic to diffuse through the membrane, specific transport proteins are necessary for the reabsorption of neurotransmitters. Much research, both biochemical and structural, has been performed to obtain clues about the mechanism of reuptake. Protein structure The first primary sequence of a reuptake protein was published in 1990. The technique for protein sequence determination relied upon the purification, s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dissociation Constant
In chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmacology, a dissociation constant (''K''D) is a specific type of equilibrium constant that measures the propensity of a larger object to separate (dissociate) reversibly into smaller components, as when a complex falls apart into its component molecules, or when a salt splits up into its component ions. The dissociation constant is the inverse of the association constant. In the special case of salts, the dissociation constant can also be called an ionization constant. For a general reaction: : A_\mathit B_\mathit \mathit A + \mathit B in which a complex \ce_x \ce_y breaks down into ''x'' A subunits and ''y'' B subunits, the dissociation constant is defined as : K_\mathrm = \frac where and ''x'' B''y''are the equilibrium concentrations of A, B, and the complex A''x'' B''y'', respectively. One reason for the popularity of the dissociation constant in biochemistry and pharmacology is that in the frequen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Norepinephrine Transporter
The norepinephrine transporter (NET), also known as noradrenaline transporter (NAT), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the solute carrier family 6 member 2 (SLC6A2) gene. NET is a monoamine transporter and is responsible for the sodium-chloride (Na+/Cl−)-dependent reuptake of extracellular norepinephrine (NE), which is also known as noradrenaline. NET can also reuptake extracellular dopamine (DA). The reuptake of these two neurotransmitters is essential in regulating concentrations in the synaptic cleft. NETs, along with the other monoamine transporters, are the targets of many antidepressants and recreational drugs. In addition, altered NET availability is associated with ADHD. There is evidence that single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the NET gene (''SLC6A2'') may be an underlying factor in some of these disorders. Gene The norepinephrine transporter gene, SLC6A2 is located on human chromosome 16 locus 16q12.2. This gene is encoded by 14 exons. Based on the nucleotid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
