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Michał Sokolnicki (general)
Michał Sokolnicki (1760, in Wierzeja – 1816, in Warsaw) was a Polish nobleman (of Nowina coat of arms), general, military engineer, politician, and writer. Sokolnicki studied in Warsaw's Corps of Cadets and fought in the Polish–Russian War of 1792 as well as the Kościuszko Uprising of 1794. In 1797 he presented the French Directory with a document entitled "Aperçu sur la Russie". This became known as the so-called " Testament of Peter the Great", which Napoleon Bonaparte used for anti-Russian propaganda purposes in 1812, and has been widely publicised since, although scholars have since established that the document is a forgery.Neumann, Iver B. "Europe's post-Cold War memory of Russia: cui bono?" in ''Memory and power in post-war Europe: studies in the presence of the past'' ed. Jan-Werner Müller. Cambridge University Press, 2002: p. 132McNally, Raymond T. "The Origins of Russophobia in France" in ''American Slavic and East European Review'' Vol. 17, No. 2 (Apr., 1958): ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michał Sokolnicki
Michał Sokolnicki (1760, in Wierzeja – 1816, in Warsaw) was a Polish nobleman (of Nowina coat of arms), general, military engineer, politician, and writer. Sokolnicki studied in Warsaw's Corps of Cadets and fought in the Polish–Russian War of 1792 as well as the Kościuszko Uprising of 1794. In 1797 he presented the French Directory with a document entitled "Aperçu sur la Russie". This became known as the so-called " Testament of Peter the Great", which Napoleon Bonaparte used for anti-Russian propaganda purposes in 1812, and has been widely publicised since, although scholars have since established that the document is a forgery.Neumann, Iver B. "Europe's post-Cold War memory of Russia: cui bono?" in ''Memory and power in post-war Europe: studies in the presence of the past'' ed. Jan-Werner Müller. Cambridge University Press, 2002: p. 132McNally, Raymond T. "The Origins of Russophobia in France" in ''American Slavic and East European Review'' Vol. 17, No. 2 (Apr., 1958) ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Napoleon's Invasion Of Russia
The French invasion of Russia, also known as the Russian campaign, the Second Polish War, the Army of Twenty nations, and the Patriotic War of 1812 was launched by Napoleon Bonaparte to force the Russian Empire back into the continental blockade of the United Kingdom. Napoleon's invasion of Russia is one of the best studied military campaigns in history and is listed among the most lethal military operations in world history. It is characterized by the massive toll on human life: in less than six months nearly a million soldiers and civilians died. On 24 June 1812 and the following days, the first wave of the multinational crossed the Niemen into Russia. Through a series of long forced marches, Napoleon pushed his army of almost half a million people rapidly through Western Russia, now Belarus, in an attempt to destroy the separated Russian armies of Barclay de Tolly and Pyotr Bagration who amounted to around 180,000–220,000 at this time. Within six weeks, Napoleon lost ha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polish Generals
The following is a list of Polish generals, that is the people who held the rank of general, as well as those who acted as ''de facto'' generals by commanding a division or brigade. Note that until the Partitions of Poland of late 18th century the rank of general as such was mostly (though not exclusively) reserved for commanders of artillery, while large tactical units (equivalent of divisions) were usually commanded by hetmans and voivodes. Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth * Mikołaj Abramowicz * Krzysztof Arciszewski * Józef Bielak * Franciszek Ksawery Branicki * Alojzy Brühl * August Aleksander Czartoryski * Ignacy Działyński * Subchan Ghazi aga * Wincenty Korwin Gosiewski * Józef Judycki * Krzysztof Korycki * Tadeusz Kościuszko * Antoni Benedykt Lubomirski * Jerzy Ignacy Lubomirski * Marcin Lubomirski * Michał Lubomirski * Andrzej Mokronowski * Fryderyk Józef Moszyński * Józef Orłowski * Piotr Ożarowski * Józef Poniatowski * Kazimierz Poniatowski * St ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Commanders Of The Virtuti Militari
Commander (commonly abbreviated as Cmdr.) is a common naval officer rank. Commander is also used as a rank or title in other formal organizations, including several police forces. In several countries this naval rank is termed frigate captain. Commander is also a generic term for an officer commanding any armed forces unit, for example "platoon commander", "brigade commander" and "squadron commander". In the police, terms such as "borough commander" and "incident commander" are used. Commander as a naval and air force rank Commander is a rank used in navies but is very rarely used as a rank in armies. The title, originally "master and commander", originated in the 18th century to describe naval officers who commanded ships of war too large to be commanded by a lieutenant but too small to warrant the assignment of a post-captain and (before about 1770) a sailing master; the commanding officer served as his own master. In practice, these were usually unrated sloops-of-war of no ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Generals Of The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
A general officer is an officer of high rank in the armies, and in some nations' air forces, space forces, and marines or naval infantry. In some usages the term "general officer" refers to a rank above colonel."general, adj. and n.". OED Online. March 2021. Oxford University Press. https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/77489?rskey=dCKrg4&result=1 (accessed May 11, 2021) The term ''general'' is used in two ways: as the generic title for all grades of general officer and as a specific rank. It originates in the 16th century, as a shortening of ''captain general'', which rank was taken from Middle French ''capitaine général''. The adjective ''general'' had been affixed to officer designations since the late medieval period to indicate relative superiority or an extended jurisdiction. Today, the title of ''general'' is known in some countries as a four-star rank. However, different countries use different systems of stars or other insignia for senior ranks. It has a NATO rank scal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
People From Szamotuły County
A person ( : people) is a being that has certain capacities or attributes such as reason, morality, consciousness or self-consciousness, and being a part of a culturally established form of social relations such as kinship, ownership of property, or legal responsibility. The defining features of personhood and, consequently, what makes a person count as a person, differ widely among cultures and contexts. In addition to the question of personhood, of what makes a being count as a person to begin with, there are further questions about personal identity and self: both about what makes any particular person that particular person instead of another, and about what makes a person at one time the same person as they were or will be at another time despite any intervening changes. The plural form "people" is often used to refer to an entire nation or ethnic group (as in "a people"), and this was the original meaning of the word; it subsequently acquired its use as a plural form of per ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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