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Muʿīn Al-Dīn Ibn Al-Shaykh
Muʿīn al-Dīn Ḥasan ibn al-Shaykh (died 10/12 February 1246): 22 ''Ramadan, Ramaḍān'' 643 Anno Hegirae, AH; : 24 ''Ramaḍān'' 643 (a Monday). was the vizier of the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt, al-Ṣāliḥ Ayyūb, from 1240 until his death. Muʿīn al-Dīn belonged to a family known as the Awlād al-Shaykh. His ancestors came from Greater Khorasan, Khorāsān. He was the youngest of four brothers. His elder brothers were Fakhr al-Dīn Yūsuf ibn al-Shaykh, Fakhr al-Dīn Yūsuf, ʿImād al-Dīn ʿUmar ibn al-Shaykh, ʿImād al-Dīn ʿUmar and Kamāl al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn al-Shaykh, Kamāl al-Dīn Aḥmad. Like his brothers, he was a ''ṣūfī'' who taught Shāfiʿī jurisprudence in Cairo before entering politics. Muʿīn al-Dīn was appointed "deputy of the vizier" (''nāʾib al-wizāra'') by Sultan al-Kāmil. He was part of the council that, after al-Kāmil's death in 1240, elected al-Jawwād Yūnus as regent in Damascus. He was promoted to full vizier by al-Kāmil's successo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ramadan
Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar. It is observed by Muslims worldwide as a month of fasting (''Fasting in Islam, sawm''), communal prayer (salah), reflection, and community. It is also the month in which the Quran is believed to have been revealed to the Prophets of Islam, Islamic prophet Muhammad. The annual observance of Ramadan is regarded as one of the five pillars of Islam and lasts twenty-nine to thirty days, from one sighting of the Hilal (crescent moon), crescent moon to the next. Fasting from dawn to sunset is obligatory (''fard'') for all adult Muslims who are not acute illness, acutely or chronic illness, chronically ill, travelling, old age, elderly, breastfeeding, Pregnancy, pregnant, or Menstruation in Islam, menstruating. The predawn meal is referred to as ''suhur'', and the nightly feast that breaks the fast is called ''iftar''. Although rulings (''fatawa'') have been issued declaring that Muslims who live in regions with a midnight sun or pola ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bilad Al-Sham
Bilad al-Sham (), often referred to as Islamic Syria or simply Syria in English-language sources, was a province of the Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid, and Fatimid caliphates. It roughly corresponded with the Byzantine Diocese of the East, conquered by the Muslims in 634–647. Under the Umayyads (661–750), Bilad al-Sham was the metropolitan province of the Caliphate and different localities throughout the province served as the seats of the Umayyad caliphs and princes. Bilad al-Sham was first organized into the four '' ajnad'' (military districts; singular ''jund'') of Dimashq (Damascus), Hims (Homs), al-Urdunn (Jordan), and Filastin (Palestine), between 637 and 640 by Caliph Umar following the Muslim conquest. The ''jund'' of Qinnasrin was created out of the northern part of Hims by caliphs Mu'awiya I () or Yazid I (). The Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia) was made an independent province from the Mesopotamian part of Qinnasrin by Caliph Abd al-Malik in 692. In 786, the ''j ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Qāḍī
A qadi (; ) is the magistrate or judge of a Sharia court, who also exercises extrajudicial functions such as mediation, guardianship over orphans and minors, and supervision and auditing of public works. History The term '' was in use from the time of Muhammad during the early history of Islam, and remained the term used for judges throughout Islamic history and the period of the caliphates. While the and played the role in elucidation of the principles of Islamic jurisprudence () and the Islamic law (), the qadi remained the key person ensuring the establishment of justice on the basis of these very laws and rules. Thus, the qadi was chosen from amongst those who had mastered the sciences of jurisprudence and law. The office of qadi continued to be a very important one in every principality of the caliphates and sultanates of the various Muslim empires over the centuries. The rulers appointed a qadi in every region, town, and village for judicial and administrative contro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Iqṭāʿ
An iqta () and occasionally iqtaʿa () was an Islamic practice of Farm (revenue leasing), farming out tax revenues yielded by land granted temporarily to army officials in place of a regular wage; it became common in the Muslim empire of the Caliphate. Iqta has been defined in Nizam al-Mulk, Nizam-al-Mulk's Siyasatnama. Administrators of an ''Iqta'' were known as ''muqti'' or ''wali''. They collected land revenue and looked after general administration. Muqtis (, "holder of an iqtaʿ") had no right to interfere with the personal life of a paying person if the person stayed on the muqtiʿ's land. They were expected to send the collected revenue (after deducting collection and administration charges) to the central treasury. Such an amount to be sent was called ''Fawazil''. Theoretically, ''iqtas'' were not hereditary by law and had to be confirmed by a higher authority like a sultan or king. However, it was made hereditary in Islamic India by Firuz Shah Tughlaq, Firoz Tughlaq. Indivi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ḥimṣ
Homs ( ; ), known in pre-Islamic times as Emesa ( ; ), is a city in western Syria and the capital of the Homs Governorate. It is above sea level and is located north of Damascus. Located on the Orontes River, Homs is also the central link between the interior cities and the Mediterranean coast. Before the Syrian civil war, Homs was a major industrial hub with a population of at least 652,609 people in 2004, it was the third-largest city in Syria after Aleppo to the north and the capital Damascus to the south. Its population reflected Syria's general religious diversity, composed of Sunni and Alawite Muslims, and Christians. There are a number of historic mosques and churches in the city, and it is close to the Krak des Chevaliers castle, a World Heritage Site. Homs did not emerge into the historical record until the 1st century BC in the Seleucid Empire, becoming the capital of a kingdom ruled by the Emesene dynasty who gave the city its name. Originally a center of worshi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Manṣūr Ibrāhīm
Nasir ad-Din al-Malik al-Mansur Ibrahim bin Asad ad-Din Shirkuh, better known as al-Mansur Ibrahim, ( d. June 28, 1246) was a Kurdish ruler, the ''emir'' ("governor") of the Homs principality from 1240 to 1246 under the Ayyubid dynasty. He held Homs with relative independence, but initially as under the command of as-Salih Ismail of Damascus. He would later fight against as-Salih Ismail and his Khwarezemid allies—al-Mansur confronted the latter in 1241, 1242, 1244, and 1246. Mervani State's expedition to Armenia Military campaigns In January 1241, al-Mansur was appointed commander-in-chief of the allied Ayyubid-Seljuk forces, and pursued any Khwarezimid army that crossed the Euphrates, pillaging several Syrian towns. Al-Mansur caught up with them at Raqqa, but could not prevent them from retreating back to their base in Harran to regroup. On April 25, al-Mansur managed to draw the Khwarezemids into a pitched battle near Edessa and defeated them decisively. Surviving Khwarezem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baalbek
Baalbek (; ; ) is a city located east of the Litani River in Lebanon's Beqaa Valley, about northeast of Beirut. It is the capital of Baalbek-Hermel Governorate. In 1998, the city had a population of 82,608. Most of the population consists of Shi'a Islam in Lebanon, Shia Muslims, followed by Sunni Islam in Lebanon, Sunni Muslims and Christianity in Lebanon, Christians; in 2017, there was also a large presence of Refugees of the Syrian civil war, Syrian refugees. Baalbek has a history that dates back at least 11,000 years, encompassing significant periods such as Prehistory of Lebanon, Prehistoric, Canaanite, Hellenistic period, Hellenistic, and Phoenicia under Roman rule, Roman eras. After Alexander the Great conquered the city in 334 BCE, he renamed it Heliopolis (, Greek language, Greek for "Sun City"). The city flourished under Roman rule. However, it underwent transformations during the Historiography of the Christianization of the Roman Empire, Christianization period and t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Salih Ismail, Emir Of Damascus
Al-Malik al-Salih Imad al-Din Ismail bin Saif al-Din Ahmad better known as al-Salih Ismail () was the Ayyubid sultan based in Damascus. He reigned twice, once in 1237 and then again from 1239 to 1245. In 1237, al-Salih Ismail's brother,Abulafia and McKitterick, p.612. al-Ashraf, the ruler of Damascus died. Ismail succeeded him and two months later, the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt, al-Kamil, sent forces to besiege the city. Ismail had the suburbs of Damascus burned to prevent the Egyptian forces shelter. On al-Kamil's death his son al-Adil II occupied Damascus after his brother al-Salih Ayyub, the ruler of al-Jazira, revealed his intentions to succeed al-Kamil as sultan in Egypt. Ayyub was invited to take over Damascus by some of the local governors of Syria and accomplished the conquest in December 1238. Initially, Ismail, who was already governor (emir) of Bosra and Baalbek, allied himself with Ayyub. In August 1239, Ayyub began pressuring Ismail to join him at Nablus for the campai ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Siege Of Damascus (1245)
The Battle of Damascus, Siege of Damascus, or similar names may refer to: * Siege of Damascus (613) a siege during the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 * Siege of Damascus (634), a siege during the Muslim conquest of Syria ** '' The Siege of Damascus'', a 1720 play by John Hughes about this battle * During the Crusades: ** Siege of Damascus during the Crusade of 1129 ** Siege of Damascus (1148), a failed siege during the Second Crusade ** Siege of Damascus (1229), a siege during an Ayyubid civil war ** Battle of Damascus (1260) during the Mongol invasion of Syria * Siege of Damascus (1400), during the conquests of the Timurid Empire * Capture of Damascus (1918), during World War I * Capture of Damascus (1920), a siege during the Franco-Syrian War * Battle of Damascus (1941), during World War II * During the Syrian civil war: ** Rif Dimashq clashes (November 2011–March 2012) ** Battle of Damascus (2012) ** Damascus offensive (2013) ** Fall of Damascus (2024) {{Set index ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baysān
Beit She'an ( '), also known as Beisan ( '), or Beth-shean, is a town in the Northern District (Israel), Northern District of Israel. The town lies at the Beit She'an Valley about 120 m (394 feet) below sea level. Beit She'an is believed to be one of the oldest cities in the region. It has played an important role in history due to its geographical location at the junction of the Jordan River, Jordan River Valley and the Jezreel Valley. Beth She'an's ancient Tell (archaeology), tell contains remains beginning in the Chalcolithic, Chalcolithic period. When Canaan came under New Kingdom of Egypt, Imperial Egyptian rule in the Late Bronze Age collapse, Late Bronze Age, Beth She'an served as a major Egyptian administrative center. The city came under Israelites, Israelite rule in the monarchic period. It probably fell under Philistines, Philistine control during the time of Saul, when, according to the Bible, his body was displayed there along with his sons. During the Hellenisti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gaza City
Gaza City, also called Gaza, is a city in the Gaza Strip, Palestine, and the capital of the Gaza Governorate. Located on the Mediterranean coast, southwest of Jerusalem, it was home to Port of Gaza, Palestine's only port. With a population of 590,481 people as of 2017, Gaza City was the most populous city in Palestine until the Gaza war caused most of the population to be displaced. Inhabited since at least the 15th century BC, Gaza City has been dominated by different peoples and empires throughout its history. The Philistines made it a part of their Philistia, pentapolis after the ancient Egyptians had ruled it for nearly 350 years. Under the Roman Empire, Gaza City experienced relative peace and its Port of Gaza, Mediterranean port flourished. In 635 AD, it became the first city in the Palestine (region), Palestine region to be conquered by the Rashidun army and quickly developed into a centre of Fiqh, Islamic law. However, by the time the Crusader states were established in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
