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Musi Language
Musi () is a Malayic variety spoken primarily in parts of South Sumatra, Indonesia. While the name ''Musi'' in the broad sense can also refer to the wider Musi dialect network comprising both Upper Musi and Palembang–Lowland clusters, it is locally used as an endonym specific to the variety spoken in the upstream parts of Musi River. Classification Based on lexicostatistical analyses, mappings of sound changes, and mutual intelligibility In linguistics, mutual intelligibility is a relationship between different but related language varieties in which speakers of the different varieties can readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort. Mutual intelli ... tests, classify Malayic varieties in southern Sumatra into two dialect groups, namely 1) South Barisan Malay (also called ''Central Malay'' or ''Middle Malay'') and 2) Musi. The Musi grouping can be further divided into two clusters: 1) Upper Musi, containing Musi Proper (i.e. the lect re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Musi Languages
The Musi languages consists of a collection of closely related Malayic languages, Malayic varieties spoken in the eastern and northern regions of South Sumatra, as well as parts of Bengkulu. The Musi languages has a relatively high degree of mutual intelligibility, despite its speakers not sharing a unified ethnic identity. Generally, speakers of Malayic varieties in this area refer to their language (in Indonesian) as ''bahasa'' 'language' + [name of region/river/ethnic group], regardless of whether it is classified linguistically as an independent language or a dialect. Classification McDowell & Anderbeck (2020) classify the Musi varieties into two main dialect clusters: (1) Upper Musi and (2) Palembang–Lowland, which are further divided into subclusters and dialects, each with its own distinct characteristics. This classification is not purely based on the comparative method, which seeks to reconstruct the direct ancestor of these varieties, but rather on a synchronic dialect ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lexicostatistical
Lexicostatistics is a method of comparative linguistics that involves comparing the percentage of lexical cognates between languages to determine their relationship. Lexicostatistics is related to the comparative method but does not reconstruct a proto-language. It is to be distinguished from glottochronology, which attempts to use lexicostatistical methods to estimate the length of time since two or more languages diverged from a common earlier proto-language. This is merely one application of lexicostatistics, however; other applications of it may not share the assumption of a constant rate of change for basic lexical items. The term "lexicostatistics" is misleading in that mathematical equations are used but not statistics. Other features of a language may be used other than the lexicon, though this is unusual. Whereas the comparative method used shared identified innovations to determine sub-groups, lexicostatistics does not identify these. Lexicostatistics is a distance-based ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Musi Rawas Regency
Musi Rawas Regency is a regency of South Sumatra Province, Indonesia. Prior to 2013, it covered an area of 12,134.57 km2 and had a population of 524,919 at the 2010 Census;Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. however on 10 June 2013 the northern half of the regency was split off to form a separate North Musi Rawas Regency. Previous to 2001, the Regency had also included the city of Lubuklinggau, which was split off to form an independent city outside the regency. The area of the residual Regency from 2013 is 6,357.17 km2 and this had a population of 356,076 at the 2010 CensusBiro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. and 395,570 at the 2020 Census;Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 421,510.Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Kabupaten Musi Rawas Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.1605) The regency seat is the town of Muara Beliti Baru. During the Dutch East Indies area it was known as Rawas District. The area is na ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Musi Banyuasin Regency
Musi Banyuasin Regency is a regency of South Sumatra province, in Indonesia. Originally much larger, it was reduced by about 45% of its former area on 10 April 2002 by the splitting off of most of its eastern and northeastern districts to form the new Banyuasin Regency. It now has a total area of and a population of 561,458 at the 2010 CensusBiro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. and 622,206 at the 2020 Census;Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 707,290 (comprising 362,877 males and 344,413 females).Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.1606) The administrative centre of Musi Banyuasin Regency is the town of Sekayu. Geography The regency, which covers fifteen percent of the area of South Sumatra Province, is located between 1.3° to 4° South latitude and from 103° to 104°40′ East longitude. It is bordered to the north by Jambi Province, to the south by t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Proto-Malayic
Proto-Malayic is a reconstructed proto-language of the Malayic languages, which are nowadays widespread throughout Maritime Southeast Asia. Like most other proto-languages, Proto-Malayic was not attested in any prior written work. The most extensive study on the proto-language, ''Proto-Malayic: The Reconstruction of its Phonology and Parts of its Lexicon and Morphology'', was done by K. Alexander Adelaar in 1992. Urheimat According to H. Kern's work in 1917, , the Urheimat (homeland) of the Proto-Malayic speakers was proposed to be at the Malay Peninsula, based on the Malay word "south", being derived from "strait". ''Kerinci sound-changes and phonotactics'' by D. J. Prentice in 1978, believed that the core of the Malay language was on the both sides of the Strait of Malacca, although the Malayic Dayak languages were not included. However, Adelaar rejected Kern's proposal, and instead placing the Urheimat in Borneo, as the languages there have undergone little Sanskrit or Ar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Col Language
Col (pronounced: ), or Lembak (also known as ), is a Malayic language from Sumatra, Indonesia. It is spoken by around 145,000 speakers (2000) with most speakers found in Lubuklinggau Municipality, South Sumatra, and the areas surrounding it, all the way to Musi Rawas in South Sumatra South Sumatra () is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia, located in the southeast of the island of Sumatra. The capital and largest city of the province is the city of Palembang. The province borders the provinces of Jambi to the north .... The speakers of this language belong to the Lembak ethnic group, a small ethnic group closely related to ethnic Malays, especially those of Bengkulu Malays and Palembang Malays. Among South Sumatran Malayic varieties, Col is most closely related to Musi. The language has its own ISO code, . References Languages of Indonesia Agglutinative languages Malay dialects Malayic languages {{malayic-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
South Barisan Malay
South Barisan Malay, also called Central Malay or Middle Malay, is a collection of closely related Malayic isolects spoken in the southwestern part of Sumatra. None of them has more than one million speakers. Name Traditionally, Malayic lects in southern Sumatra are divided based on river shed and microethnic boundaries, regardless of actual similarities and differences between them. Linguists originally used the term ''Middle Malay'' (a calque of Dutch ) when referring to the closely related lects in the Pasemah-Serawai cultural region. Later, to avoid misidentification with a temporal stage of Malay language (i.e. the transition between Old Malay and Modern Malay), the term ''Central Malay'' began to be used. McDonnell (2016) uses the geographic term ''South Barisan Malay'' instead, referring to the southern region of the Barisan Mountains where these lects are spoken. Meanwhile, ''Glottolog'' uses the term ''Central Malay'' instead to refer Malayic varieties around the strait ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mutual Intelligibility
In linguistics, mutual intelligibility is a relationship between different but related language varieties in which speakers of the different varieties can readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort. Mutual intelligibility is sometimes used to distinguish languages from dialects, although sociolinguistic factors are often also used. Intelligibility between varieties can be asymmetric; that is, speakers of one variety may be able to better understand another than vice versa. An example of this is the case between Afrikaans and Dutch. It is generally easier for Dutch speakers to understand Afrikaans than for Afrikaans speakers to understand Dutch. In a dialect continuum, neighbouring varieties are mutually intelligible, but differences mount with distance, so that more widely separated varieties may not be mutually intelligible. Intelligibility can be partial, as is the case with Azerbaijani and Turkish, or significant, as is the case with Bul ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sound Change
In historical linguistics, a sound change is a change in the pronunciation of a language. A sound change can involve the replacement of one speech sound (or, more generally, one phonetic feature value) by a different one (called phonetic change) or a more general change to the speech sounds that exist (''phonological change''), such as the merger of two sounds or the creation of a new sound. A sound change can eliminate the affected sound, or a new sound can be added. Sound changes can be environmentally conditioned if the change occurs in only some sound environments, and not others. The term "sound change" refers to diachronic changes, which occur in a language's sound system. On the other hand, " alternation" refers to changes that happen synchronically (within the language of an individual speaker, depending on the neighbouring sounds) and do not change the language's underlying system (for example, the ''-s'' in the English plural can be pronounced differently depend ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Musi River (Indonesia)
The Musi River () is a river in Southern Sumatra, Indonesia. It flows from south-west to north-east, from the Barisan Mountains range that form the backbone of Sumatra, in Kepahiang Regency, Bengkulu Province, to the Bangka Strait that forms an extension of the South China Sea. The Musi is about 750 kilometers long, and drains most of South Sumatra province. After flowing through Palembang, the provincial capital, it joins with several other rivers, including the Banyuasin River, to form a delta near the town of Sungsang. The river, dredged to a depth of about 8 meters, is navigable by large ships as far as Palembang, which is the site of major port facilities used primarily for the export of petroleum, rubber and palm oil. This river system, especially around the city of Palembang, was the heart of eponymous 7th to 13th century Srivijayan empire. The river mouth was the site of the SilkAir Flight 185 plane crash which killed all 104 passengers and crew on board in 1997. Geogra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
South Sumatra
South Sumatra () is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia, located in the southeast of the island of Sumatra. The capital and largest city of the province is the city of Palembang. The province borders the provinces of Jambi to the north, Bengkulu to the west and Lampung to the south, as well a maritime border with the Bangka Belitung Islands to the east. It is the largest province in the island of Sumatra, and it is slightly smaller than Portugal, the department of Boquerón, Paraguay, Boquerón in Paraguay or the U.S. state of Maine. The Bangka Strait in the east separates South Sumatra and the island of Bangka Island, Bangka, which is part of the Bangka Belitung Islands province. The province has an area of and had a population of 8,467,432 at the 2020 census;Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. the official estimate as at mid-2023 was 8,743,522 (comprising 4,453,902 males and 4,289,620 females).Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Provinsi Sumatera Sel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Endonym
An endonym (also known as autonym ) is a common, name for a group of people, individual person, geographical place, language, or dialect, meaning that it is used inside a particular group or linguistic community to identify or designate themselves, their place of origin, or their language. An exonym (also known as xenonym ) is an established, ''non-native'' name for a group of people, individual person, geographical place, language, or dialect, meaning that it is used primarily outside the particular place inhabited by the group or linguistic community. Exonyms exist not only for historico-geographical reasons but also in consideration of difficulties when pronouncing foreign words, or from non-systematic attempts at transcribing into a different writing system. For instance, is the endonym for the country that is also known by the exonyms ''Germany'' and in English and Italian, respectively, and in Spanish and French, respectively, in Polish, and and in Finni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
