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Multiplier Hopf Algebra
Multiplier may refer to: Mathematics * Multiplier (arithmetic), the number of multiples being computed in multiplication * Constant multiplier, a constant factor with units of measurement * Lagrange multiplier, a scalar variable used in mathematics to solve an optimisation problem for a given constraint * Multiplier (Fourier analysis), an operator that multiplies the Fourier coefficients of a function by a specified function (known as the symbol) * Multiplier of orbit, a formula for computing a value of a variable based on its own previous value or values; see Periodic points of complex quadratic mappings * Characteristic multiplier, an eigenvalue of a monodromy matrix * Multiplier algebra, a construction on C*-Algebras and similar structures Electrical engineering * Binary multiplier, a digital circuit to perform rapid multiplication of two numbers in binary representation * Analog multiplier, a device that multiplies two analog signals * Frequency multiplier, a device ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multiplier (arithmetic)
Multiplication is one of the four elementary mathematical operations of arithmetic, with the other ones being addition, subtraction, and division. The result of a multiplication operation is called a '' product''. Multiplication is often denoted by the cross symbol, , by the mid-line dot operator, , by juxtaposition, or, in programming languages, by an asterisk, . The multiplication of whole numbers may be thought of as repeated addition; that is, the multiplication of two numbers is equivalent to adding as many copies of one of them, the ''multiplicand'', as the quantity of the other one, the ''multiplier''; both numbers can be referred to as ''factors''. This is to be distinguished from ''terms'', which are added. :a\times b = \underbrace_ . Whether the first factor is the multiplier or the multiplicand may be ambiguous or depend upon context. For example, the expression 3 \times 4 , can be phrased as "3 times 4" and evaluated as 4+4+4, where 3 is the multiplier, but a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Voltage Multiplier
image:Voltage Multiplier diagram.PNG, 280px, Villard cascade voltage multiplier. A voltage multiplier is an electrical circuit that converts Alternating current, AC electrical power from a lower voltage to a higher Direct current, DC voltage, typically using a network of capacitors and diodes. Voltage multipliers can be used to generate a few volts for electronic appliances, to millions of volts for purposes such as high-energy physics experiments and lightning safety testing. The most common type of voltage multiplier is the half-wave series multiplier, also called the Villard cascade (but actually invented by Heinrich Greinacher). Operation Assuming that the peak voltage of the AC source is +Us, and that the C values are sufficiently high to allow, when charged, that a current flows with no significant change in voltage, then the (simplified) working of the cascade is as follows: # going from positive peak (+Us) to negative peak (−Us): The C1 capacitor is charged through dio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CPU Multiplier
In computing, the clock multiplier (or CPU multiplier or bus/core ratio) sets the ratio of an internal CPU clock rate to the externally supplied clock. This may be implemented with phase-locked loop (PLL) frequency multiplier circuitry. A CPU with a 10x multiplier will thus see 10 internal cycles for every external clock cycle. For example, a system with an external clock of 100 MHz and a 36x clock multiplier will have an internal CPU clock of 3.6 GHz. The external address and data buses of the CPU (often collectively termed front side bus (FSB) in PC contexts) also use the external clock as a fundamental timing base; however, they could also employ a (small) multiple of this base frequency (typically two or four) to transfer data faster. The internal frequency of microprocessors is usually based on FSB frequency. To calculate internal frequency the CPU multiplies bus frequency by a number called the clock multiplier. For calculation, the CPU uses actual bus frequenc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fishing Reel
A fishing reel is a hand-crank (mechanism), cranked reel used in angling to wind and stow fishing line, typically mounted onto a fishing rod, but may also be used on compound bows or crossbows to retrieve tethered arrows when bowfishing. Modern recreational fishing reels usually have fittings aiding in casting (fishing), casting for distance and accuracy, as well as controlling the speed and tension of line retrieval to avoid line snap and fishing hook, hook dislodgement. Fishing reels are traditionally used for bass fishing in angling and fly casting, competitive casting. They are typically attached near the handle of a fishing rod, though some specialized reels with pressure sensors for immediate retrieval are equipped on downrigger systems which are mounted directly to an ocean-going sport boat's gunwales or transom (nautical), transoms and are used for "deep drop" and trolling (fishing), trolling. The earliest fishing reel was invented in China at least since the Song dynasty ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Force Multiplier
In military science, force multiplication or a force multiplier is a factor or a combination of factors that gives personnel or weapons (or other hardware) the ability to accomplish greater feats than without it. The expected size increase required to have the same effectiveness without that advantage is the ''multiplication factor''. For example, if a technology like GPS enables a force to accomplish the same results as a force five times as large without GPS, then the multiplier is five. Such estimates are used to justify the investment for force multipliers. History Notable historical examples of force multiplication include: * Fortifications: e.g. the Theodosian Wall of Constantinople * Reliance on air force by the Coalition in the Gulf War and the 2003 invasion of Iraq Doctrinal changes During the First World War, the Germans experimented with what were called "storm tactics" in which a small group of highly trained soldiers ( stormtroopers) would open a salient throug ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Money Multiplier
In monetary economics, the money multiplier is the ratio of the money supply to the monetary base (i.e. central bank money). In some simplified expositions, the monetary multiplier is presented as simply the reciprocal of the reserve ratio, if any, required by the central bank. More generally, the multiplier will depend on the preferences of households, the legal regulation and the business policies of commercial banks - factors which the central bank can influence, but not control completely. Because the money multiplier theory offers a potential explanation of the ways in which the central bank can control the total money supply, it is relevant when considering monetary policy strategies that target the money supply. Historically, some central banks have tried to conduct monetary policy by targeting the money supply and its growth rate, particularly in the 1970s and 1980s. The results were not considered satisfactory, however, and starting in the early 1990s, most central b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fiscal Multiplier
In economics, the fiscal multiplier (not to be confused with the money multiplier) is the ratio of change in national income arising from a change in government spending. More generally, the exogenous spending multiplier is the ratio of change in national income arising from any autonomous change in spending (including private investment spending, consumer spending, government spending, or spending by foreigners on the country's exports). When this multiplier exceeds one, the enhanced effect on national income may be called the multiplier effect. The mechanism that can give rise to a multiplier effect is that an initial incremental amount of spending can lead to increased income and hence increased consumption spending, increasing income further and hence further increasing consumption, etc., resulting in an overall increase in national income greater than the initial incremental amount of spending. In other words, an initial change in aggregate demand may cause a change in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Multiplier (economics)
In macroeconomics, a multiplier is a factor of proportionality that measures how much an endogenous variable changes in response to a change in some exogenous variable. For example, suppose variable ''x'' changes by ''k'' units, which causes another variable ''y'' to change by ''M'' × ''k'' units. Then the multiplier is ''M''. Common uses Two multipliers are commonly discussed in introductory macroeconomics. Commercial banks create money, especially under the fractional-reserve banking system used throughout the world. In this system, money is created whenever a bank gives out a new loan. This is because the loan, when drawn on and spent, mostly finishes up as a deposit back in the banking system and is counted as part of money supply. After putting aside a part of these deposits as mandated bank reserves, the balance is available for the making of further loans by the bank. This process continues multiple times, and is called the multiplier effect. The multiplier m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Schweigger Multiplier
A galvanometer is an electromechanical measuring instrument for electric current. Early galvanometers were uncalibrated, but improved versions, called ammeters, were calibrated and could measure the flow of current more precisely. Galvanometers work by deflecting a pointer in response to an electric current flowing through a coil in a constant magnetic field. The mechanism is also used as an actuator in applications such as hard disks. Galvanometers came from the observation, first noted by Hans Christian Ørsted in 1820, that a magnetic compass's needle deflects when near a wire having electric current. They were the first instruments used to detect and measure small amounts of current. André-Marie Ampère, who gave mathematical expression to Ørsted's discovery, named the instrument after the Italian electricity researcher Luigi Galvani, who in 1791 discovered the principle of the frog galvanoscope – that electric current would make the legs of a dead frog jerk. Galva ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frequency Multiplier
In electronics, a frequency multiplier is an electronic circuit that generates an output signal which has a frequency that is a harmonic (multiple) of its input frequency. Frequency multipliers consist of a nonlinear circuit that distorts the input signal and consequently generates harmonics of the input signal. A subsequent bandpass filter selects the desired harmonic frequency and removes the unwanted fundamental and other harmonics from the output. Frequency multipliers are often used in frequency synthesizers and communications circuits. It can be more economical to develop a lower frequency signal with lower power and less expensive devices, and then use a frequency multiplier chain to generate an output frequency in the microwave or millimeter wave range. Some modulation schemes, such as frequency modulation, survive the nonlinear distortion without ill effect (but schemes such as amplitude modulation do not). Frequency multiplication is also used in nonlinear optics. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Constant Multiplier
In mathematics, a coefficient is a multiplicative factor involved in some term of a polynomial, a series, or any other type of expression. It may be a number without units, in which case it is known as a numerical factor. It may also be a constant with units of measurement, in which it is known as a constant multiplier. In general, coefficients may be any expression (including variables such as , and ). When the combination of variables and constants is not necessarily involved in a product, it may be called a ''parameter''. For example, the polynomial 2x^2-x+3 has coefficients 2, −1, and 3, and the powers of the variable x in the polynomial ax^2+bx+c have coefficient parameters a, b, and c. A , also known as constant term or simply constant, is a quantity either implicitly attached to the zeroth power of a variable or not attached to other variables in an expression; for example, the constant coefficients of the expressions above are the number 3 and the parameter ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Analog Multiplier
An analog multiplier is an electronic circuit that produces an output level that is the mathematical product of the levels of its two analog signal inputs. Such circuits may be used to implement related functions such as ''squares'' by applying the same signal to both inputs, and ''square roots''. Types Electronic analog multipliers are classified by their function. A single-quadrant multiplier permits only one, typically positive, level on the inputs. A two-quadrant multiplier permits one input signal to swing to positive and negative levels, while the second input remains positive. In a all inputs may swing to positive or negative levels, producing a positive or negative output level. Voltage-controlled amplifier If one input of an analog multiplier is held at a steady voltage, a signal at the second input is scaled in proportion to the level on the fixed input. This may be considered a voltage-controlled amplifier or variable-gain amplifier. Applications are for electroni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
