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Mucokinetics
Mucoactive agents are a class of pharmacologic agents that include expectorants, mucolytics, mucoregulators, and mucokinetics that can affect the volume, viscosity, transportation, and composition of mucus or sputum. They often aid in clearing mucus or sputum from the upper and lower airways. These medications are used to treat respiratory diseases complicated by the oversecretion or inspissation of mucus. These drugs can be further categorized by their mechanism of action. Mechanism of action Mucoactive agents—expectorants—include mucolytics, secretolytics and mucokinetics (also called secretomotorics) * Mucolytics: thin (reduce the viscosity of) mucus * Secretolytics: increase airway water or the volume of airway secretions * Mucokinetics: increase mucociliary transport (clearance) and transportability of mucus by cough * Mucoregulators: suppress underlying mechanisms of mucus hypersecretion Alternatively, attacking the affinity between secretions and the biological s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acetylcysteine
''N''-acetylcysteine, also known as Acetylcysteine and NAC, is a mucolytics that is used to treat paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose and to loosen thick mucus in individuals with chronic bronchopulmonary disorders, such as pneumonia and bronchitis. It has been used to treat lactobezoar in infants. It can be taken intravenously, orally (swallowed by mouth), or inhaled as a mist by use of a nebulizer. It is also sometimes used as a dietary supplement. Common side effects include nausea and vomiting when taken orally. The skin may occasionally become red and itchy with any route of administration. A non-immune type of anaphylaxis may also occur. It appears to be safe in pregnancy. For paracetamol overdose, it works by increasing the level of glutathione, an antioxidant that can neutralize the toxic breakdown products of paracetamol. When inhaled, it acts as a mucolytic by decreasing the thickness of mucus. Acetylcysteine was initially patented in 1960 and came into m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cough Medicine
Cold medicines are a group of medications taken individually or in combination as a treatment for the symptoms of the common cold and similar conditions of the upper respiratory tract. The term encompasses a broad array of drugs, including analgesics, antihistamines and decongestants, among many others. It also includes drugs which are marketed as cough suppressants or antitussives, but their effectiveness in reducing cough symptoms is unclear or minimal. While they have been used by 10% of American children in any given week, they are not recommended in Canada or the United States in children six years or younger because of lack of evidence showing effect and concerns of harm. Types There are a number of different cough and cold medications, which may be used for various coughing symptoms. The commercially available products may include various combinations of any one or more of the following types of substances: * Mucokinetics, or mucolytics, are a class of drugs which ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Erdosteine
Erdosteine is a molecule with mucolytic activity. Structurally it is a thioether derivative with two thioether groups. These two functional organosulfur groups contained in the molecule are released following first-pass metabolism with the conversion of erdosteine into its pharmacologically active metabolite Met-I (N-thiodiglycolyl-homocysteine). The molecule has been discovered and developed in Italy by Edmond Pharma, today it is prescribed for chronic and acute respiratory disorders in more than 40 countries worldwide. The drug is sold under several commercial names (Esteclin, Erdomed, Erdos, Erdotin etc.), as hard capsules 300 mg, dispersible tablets 300 mg, granulates for oral suspension 225 mg and powder for oral suspension 175 mg/5ml. Pharmacodynamics Erdosteine is an oral mucoactive anti-oxidant molecule, characterized by a multi-faceted pharmacological profile that may positively interfere in more than one of the pathological processes ongoing in a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Justicia Adhatoda
''Justicia adhatoda'' commonly known in English as Malabar nut, adulsa, adhatoda, vasa, vasaka, is native to Asia. ''Adathoda'' means 'untouched by goats' in Tamil. The name derives from the fact that animals like goats do not eat this plant due to its extreme bitter taste. The plant's native range is Afghanistan, the Indian subcontinent (Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Nepal and Sri Lanka), Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam. It has been introduced elsewhere. It is used as a traditional medicinal plant. Description ''Justicia adhatoda'' is a shrub with 10-20 lance-shaped leaves 8-9 centimeters in length by four wide. They are oppositely arranged, smooth-edged, and borne on short petioles. When dry they are of a dull brownish-green colour. They are bitter-tasting. When a leaf is cleared with chloral hydrate and examined microscopically the oval stomata can be seen. They are surrounded by two crescent-shaped cells at right angles to the ostiole. The epidermis bears simple one- to three-cell ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tolu Balsam
Tolu balsam or balsam of Tolu is a balsam that originates from South America (Colombia, Peru, Venezuela). It is similar to (and frequently confounded with) the balsam of Peru. It is tapped from the living trunks of '' Myroxylon balsamum var. balsamum''. The fresh balsam of Tolu is a brownish, sticky, semifluid mass. It gradually becomes a brittle solid, but softens again when it is warm. The balsam contains a fairly large amount of benzyl benzoate and benzyl cinnamate. Collection Balsam of Tolu is obtained by cutting a V-shaped wound on the trunk of ''Myroxylon balsamum'' var. ''balsamum'' and fixing a calabash there to catch the exuded resin. Uses The resin is still used in certain cough syrup formulas. However its main use in the modern era is in perfumery, where it is valued for its warm, mellow yet somewhat spicy scent. It is also used as a natural remedy for skin rashes. It is a well known cause of contact dermatitis, a form of skin allergy. History In 1841, He ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Terpin
Terpin is an expectorant, used to loosen mucus in patients with bronchitis and related conditions. It is used as the hydrate (terpin·H2O). It is derived from sources such as turpentine, oregano, thyme, and eucalyptus. It was used in the United States in the late nineteenth century, but was removed from marketed medications in the 1990s after the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) found a lack of evidence of safety and effectiveness.United States Food and Drug AdministrationCode of Federal Regulations, Title 21, Volume 5, April 1, 2009/ref> Elixirs of terpin hydrate are still available with a prescription, but must be prepared by a compounding pharmacy. It can be prepared from other volatile oils like geraniol and linalool by adding dilute acids (5% sulfuric acid) to them. Medical uses Terpin hydrate is an expectorant, used in the treatment of acute and chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, bronchiectasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and infectious and inflammatory disease ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Potassium Iodide
Potassium iodide is a chemical compound, medication, and dietary supplement. It is a medication used for treating hyperthyroidism, in radiation emergencies, and for protecting the thyroid gland when certain types of radiopharmaceuticals are used. It is also used for treating skin sporotrichosis and phycomycosis. It is a supplement used by people with low dietary intake of iodine. It is administered orally. Common side effects include vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, rash, and swelling of the salivary glands. Other side effects include allergic reactions, headache, goitre, and depression. While use during pregnancy may harm the baby, its use is still recommended in radiation emergencies. Potassium iodide has the chemical formula K I. Commercially it is made by mixing potassium hydroxide with iodine. Potassium iodide has been used medically since at least 1820. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Potassium iodide is available as a g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sodium Citrate
Sodium citrate may refer to any of the sodium salts of citric acid (though most commonly the third): * Monosodium citrate * Disodium citrate * Trisodium citrate The three forms of salt are collectively known by the E number E331. Applications Food Sodium citrates are used as acidity regulators in food and drinks, and also as emulsifiers for oils. They enable cheeses to melt without becoming greasy and also reduce the acidity of food. They are generally considered safe and are designated GRAS by the FDA. Blood clotting inhibitor Sodium citrate is used to prevent donated blood from clotting in storage, and can also be used as an additive for apheresis to prevent clots forming in the tubes of the machine. By binding with calcium ions in the blood it prevents the process of coagulation. It is also used as an anticoagulant for laboratory testing, in that blood samples are collected into sodium citrate-containing tubes for tests such as the PT (INR), APTT, and fibrinogen levels ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Potassium Citrate
Potassium citrate (also known as tripotassium citrate) is a potassium salt of citric acid with the molecular formula K3C6H5O7. It is a white, hygroscopic crystalline powder. It is odorless with a saline taste. It contains 38.28% potassium by mass. In the monohydrate form, it is highly hygroscopic and deliquescent. As a food additive, potassium citrate is used to regulate acidity, and is known as E number E332. Medicinally, it may be used to control kidney stones derived from uric acid or cystine. In 2020, it was the 297th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1million prescriptions. Synthesis Potassium citrate can be synthesized by the neutralization of citric acid which is achieved by the addition of potassium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate or potassium hydroxide to it. The solution can then be filtered and the solvent can be evaporated till granulation. Uses Potassium citrate is rapidly absorbed when given by mouth, and is excreted in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ammonium Chloride
Ammonium chloride is an inorganic chemical compound with the chemical formula , also written as . It is an ammonium salt of hydrogen chloride. It consists of ammonium cations and chloride anions . It is a white crystalline salt (chemistry), salt that is highly soluble in water. Solutions of ammonium chloride are mildly acidic. In its naturally occurring mineralogic form, it is known as salammoniac. The mineral is commonly formed on burning coal dumps from condensation of coal-derived gases. It is also found around some types of volcanic vents. It is mainly used as fertilizer and a flavouring agent in Salty liquorice, some types of liquorice. It is a product of the reaction of hydrochloric acid and ammonia. Production It is a product of the Solvay process used to produce sodium carbonate: :CO2 + 2 NH3 + 2 NaCl + H2O → 2 NH4Cl + Na2CO3 Not only is that method the principal one for the manufacture of ammonium chloride, but also it is used to minimize ammonia release in some ind ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dornase Alpha
Dornase alfa, sold under the brand name Pulmozyme, is used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis. It is a recombinant human deoxyribonuclease I (rhDNase), an enzyme which selectively cleaves DNA. Dornase alfa hydrolyzes the DNA present in sputum/mucus and reduces viscosity in the lungs, promoting improved clearance of secretions. It is produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Medical uses Dornase alfa is indicated for the management of people with cystic fibrosis to improve pulmonary function. Society and culture Legal status Dornase alfa is an orphan drug. Research Dornase alfa has been shown to improve lung function in non-cystic fibrosis pre-term infants atelectasis Atelectasis is the partial collapse or closure of a lung resulting in reduced or absence in gas exchange. It is usually unilateral, affecting part or all of one lung. It is a condition where the Pulmonary alveolus, alveoli are deflated down to l .... References {{DEFAULTSORT:Dornase Alfa Drugs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deoxyribonuclease
Deoxyribonuclease (DNase, for short) refers to a group of glycoprotein endonucleases which are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolytic cleavage of phosphodiester linkages in the DNA backbone, thus degrading DNA. The role of the DNase enzyme in cells includes breaking down extracellular DNA (ecDNA) excreted by apoptosis, necrosis, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) of cells to help reduce inflammatory responses that otherwise are elicited. A wide variety of deoxyribonucleases are known and fall into one of two families ( DNase I or DNase II), which differ in their substrate specificities, chemical mechanisms, and biological functions. Laboratory applications of DNase include purifying proteins when extracted from prokaryotic organisms. Additionally, DNase has been applied as a treatment for diseases that are caused by ecDNA in the blood plasma. Assays of DNase are emerging in the research field as well. Types The two main types of DNase found in animals are known as deoxy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
