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Most Holy Synod
The Most Holy Governing Synod (, pre-reform orthography: ) was the highest governing body of the Russian Orthodox Church between 1721 and 1917. It was abolished following the February Revolution of 1917 and replaced with a restored patriarchate under Tikhon of Moscow. The jurisdiction of the Most Holy Synod extended over every kind of ecclesiastical question and over some partly secular matters. Peter I of Russia established the Synod on January 25, 1721 in the course of his church reform. Its establishment was followed by the abolition of the Patriarchate. The synod was composed partly of ecclesiastical persons, partly of laymen appointed by the Tsar. Members included the Metropolitans of Saint Petersburg, Moscow and Kiev, and the Exarch of Georgia. Originally, the Synod had ten ecclesiastical members, but the number later changed to twelve. Background A series of reforms by Peter the Great inspired the creation of the Most Holy Synod. The new Imperial Age saw radi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Holy Synod Of The Russian Orthodox Church
The Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church () serves by Church statute as the supreme administrative governing body of the Russian Orthodox Church in the periods between Bishops' Councils. Members Chairman * Kirill – Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia Permanent members ; by the cathedra * '' Onuphrius (Berezovsky) – Metropolitan of Kyiv and all Ukraine'' (listed, but actually did not participate since February 2022) * Paul (Ponomaryov) – Metropolitan of Krutitsy and Kolomna * Barsanuphius (Sudakov) – Metropolitan of St. Petersburg and Ladoga * Benjamin (Tupieka) – Metropolitan of Minsk and Slutsk, Patriarchal Exarch of All Belarus * Vladimir (Cantarean) – Metropolitan of Chișinău and All Moldova * Alexander (Mogilyov) – Metropolitan of Astana and Kazakhstan * Vincent (Morar) – Metropolitan of Central Asia ; ex officio * Gregory (Petrov), Metropolitan of the Voskresensk, First Vicar of the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia, Chancellor of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Julian Calendar
The Julian calendar is a solar calendar of 365 days in every year with an additional leap day every fourth year (without exception). The Julian calendar is still used as a religious calendar in parts of the Eastern Orthodox Church and in parts of Oriental Orthodox Churches, Oriental Orthodoxy as well as by the Amazigh, Amazigh people (also known as the Berbers). The Julian calendar was proposed in 46 BC by (and takes its name from) Julius Caesar, as a reform of the earlier Roman calendar, which was largely a lunisolar calendar, lunisolar one. It took effect on , by his edict. Caesar's calendar became the predominant calendar in the Roman Empire and subsequently most of the Western world for more than 1,600 years, until 1582 when Pope Gregory XIII promulgated a revised calendar. Ancient Romans typically designated years by the names of ruling consuls; the ''Anno Domini'' system of numbering years was not devised until 525, and became widespread in Europe in the eighth cent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Procurator (Russia)
The Procurator (, tr. ''prokuror'') was an office initially established in 1722 by Peter the Great, the first Emperor of the Russian Empire, as part of the ecclesiastical reforms to bring the Russian Orthodox Church more directly under his control. The Russian word also has the meaning of prosecutor but in this case the right translation is Delegate (having the procuration for religious affairs). The Chief Procurator (also Over-Procurator; обер-прокурор, tr. ''ober-prokuror'') was the official title of the Crown official who oversaw the validity of the acts of the Most Holy Synod (he wasn't a member of the Most Holy Synod but effectively he was the most important lay in the administration of the Russian Orthodox Church, not to be confused with the ''Primus'' or "Prime member", the legal chairman of the Most Holy Synod, always a Metropolitan or an Archbishop), and a member of the Tsar's cabinet. Konstantin Pobedonostsev, a former tutor both of Alexander III and of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sedition
Sedition is overt conduct, such as speech or organization, that tends toward rebellion against the established order. Sedition often includes subversion of a constitution and incitement of discontent toward, or insurrection against, established authority. Sedition may include any commotion, though not aimed at direct and open violence against the laws. Seditious words in writing are seditious libel. A seditionist is one who engages in or promotes the interest of sedition. Because sedition is overt, it is typically not considered a subversive act, and the overt acts that may be prosecutable under sedition laws vary by jurisdiction. Roman origin In the later Roman Republic, () referred to the offence of collective disobedience toward a magistrate, which included both military mutiny and civilian mob action. Leading or instigating was punishable by death. Civil became frequent during the political crisis of the first century BCE, as populist politicians sought to chec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ivan IV
Ivan IV Vasilyevich (; – ), commonly known as Ivan the Terrible,; ; monastic name: Jonah. was Grand Prince of Moscow and all Russia from 1533 to 1547, and the first Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia from 1547 until his death in 1584. Ivan's reign was characterised by Russia's transformation from a medieval state to a fledgling empire, but at an immense cost to its people and long-term economy. Ivan IV was the eldest son of Vasili III by his second wife Elena Glinskaya, and a grandson of Ivan III. He succeeded his father after his death, when he was three years old. A group of reformers united around the young Ivan, crowning him as tsar in 1547 at the age of 16. In the early years of his reign, Ivan ruled with the group of reformers known as the Chosen Council and established the ''Zemsky Sobor'', a new assembly convened by the tsar. He also revised the legal code and introduced reforms, including elements of local self-government, as well as establishing the first ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Harvard University Press
Harvard University Press (HUP) is an academic publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University. It is a member of the Association of University Presses. Its director since 2017 is George Andreou. The press maintains offices in Cambridge, Massachusetts, near Harvard Square, and in London, England. The press co-founded the distributor TriLiteral LLC with MIT Press and Yale University Press. TriLiteral was sold to LSC Communications in 2018. Notable authors published by HUP include Eudora Welty, Walter Benjamin, E. O. Wilson, John Rawls, Emily Dickinson, Stephen Jay Gould, Helen Vendler, Carol Gilligan, Amartya Sen, David Blight, Martha Nussbaum, and Thomas Piketty. The Display Room in Harvard Square, dedicated to selling HUP publications, closed on June 17, 2009. Related publishers, imprints, and series HUP owns the Belknap Press imprint (trade name), imprint, which it inaugurated in May 1954 with the publication of the ''Harvard Guide to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Astrakhan
Astrakhan (, ) is the largest city and administrative centre of Astrakhan Oblast in southern Russia. The city lies on two banks of the Volga, in the upper part of the Volga Delta, on eleven islands of the Caspian Depression, from the Caspian Sea, with a population of 475,629 residents at the 2021 Census. At an elevation of below sea level, it is the lowest city in Russia. Astrakhan was formerly the capital of the Astrakhan Khanate, Khanate of Astrakhan (a remnant of the Golden Horde) of the Astrakhan Tatars, and was located on the higher right bank of the Volga, from the present-day city. Situated on caravan and water routes, it developed from a village into a large trading centre, before being conquered by Timur in 1395 and captured by Ivan the Terrible in 1556 and in 1558 it was moved to its present site. The oldest economic and cultural center of the Volga region, Lower Volga region, it is often called the southernmost outpost of Russia, and the Caspian capital. The city ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vologda
Vologda (, ) is a types of inhabited localities in Russia, city and the administrative center of Vologda Oblast, Russia, located on the river Vologda (river), Vologda within the watershed of the Northern Dvina. Population: The city serves as a major transport hub of the Northwestern Federal District, Northwest of Russia. The Ministry of Culture (Russia), Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation has classified Vologda as a historic city, one of 41 in Russia and one of only three in Vologda Oblast. The Russian Cultinfo website wrote that there were 224 monuments of historical, artistic and cultural importance in Vologda. History Foundation The official founding year of Vologda is 1147, File:LiAZ-5256.46 in Vologda.jpg, Bus LiAZ-5256 File:Pavlovo Bus «Aurora» 70.jpg, PAZ-4230 "Aurora" File:Mercedes-Benz bus 5.jpg, Mercedes-Benz O345 File:Ikarus 280.33 in Vologda - 2009.jpg, Ikarus 280 File:Vologda MAZ-206.jpg, Minsk Automobile Plant, MAZ-206 File:VMZ «Olimp» bus 3.j ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Patriarchate Of Moscow And All Russia
The Russian Orthodox Church (ROC; ;), also officially known as the Moscow Patriarchate (), is an autocephaly, autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Orthodox Christian church. It has 194 dioceses inside Russia. The Primate (bishop), primate of the ROC is the patriarch of Moscow and all Rus'. The History of the Russian Orthodox Church, history of the ROC begins with the Christianization of Kievan Rus', which commenced in 988 with the baptism of Vladimir the Great and his subjects by the clergy of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople. Starting in the 14th century, Moscow served as the primary residence of the Russian List of metropolitans and patriarchs of Moscow, metropolitan. The ROC declared autocephaly in 1448 when it elected its own metropolitan. In 1589, the metropolitan was elevated to the position of patriarch with the consent of Constantinople. In the mid-17th century, a series of reforms led to Schism of the Russian ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prikaz
A prikaz (; , plural: ) was an administrative, judicial, territorial, or executive bureaucracy , office functioning on behalf of palace, civil, military, or church authorities in the Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Tsardom of Russia from the 15th to the 18th centuries. The term usually suggests the functionality of a modern "ministry (government department), ministry", "office", "department", or "bureau"; however, in practice ''prikaz'' was historically applied to most governmental organizations regardless of their function or authority. In modern Russian, wikt:приказ, ''prikaz'' literally means an 'order' in the meaning of 'directive' or 'command'. Most of the ''prikazy'' were subordinated to the boyar duma. Some of them, palace ''prikazy'' (), were subordinated to the or , which answered directly to the tsar of Russia. The patriarch of Moscow and all Rus' had his own ''prikazy''. History Originally, ''prikazy'' were created by private orders given by the tsar to a certain ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theophan Prokopovich
Theophan or Feofan Prokopovich (; ; ) was a Russian Orthodox bishop, theologian, pietist, writer, poet, mathematician, astronomer, pedagogue and philosopher of Ukrainian origin. He was the rector of the Academia Mohileana in Kiev (1711–1716), the bishop of Pskov (1718–1725), and the archbishop of Novgorod (1725–1736). Prokopovich elaborated upon and implemented Peter the Great's reform of the Russian Orthodox Church; he served as the first vice-president of the Most Holy Synod from 1721, which replaced the office of the patriarch. Prokopovich also wrote many religious verses and some of the most enduring sermons in the Russian language. Biography Childhood and education Theophan (born Eleazar or Elisei) Prokopovich was born in Kiev, Cossack Hetmanate, a vassal state under the Tsardom of Russia. His father, Tsereysky, was a shopkeeper from Smolensk. After the death of his parents, Eleazar was adopted by his maternal uncle, Feofan Prokopovich. Feofan Prokopovich was ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stephen Yavorsky
Stefan Yavorsky (, ), born Simeon Ivanovich Yavorsky () (1658Most sources (including thGreat Soviet Encyclopedia give a death date of , but the oldeBrockhaus and Efronhas ), was an archbishop and statesman in the Russian Empire and the first president of the Most Holy Synod. Biography Yavorsky was born in Jaworów, Ruthenian Voivodeship of Poland (now in Ukraine). He enrolled in the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy around 1673 and completed its course of study; in 1684 he traveled back to Poland to continue his education, at which point he was compelled to join the Uniate church, as was common for Kievan students who wanted to study in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth; he took the Uniate name Stanislav (). He spent five years abroad, studying philosophy in Lwów and Lublin and theology in Poznań and Vilnius, where he completed his education. In 1689 he returned to Kiev, broke from the Uniate church and returned to Eastern Orthodoxy. He took monastic vows under the name Stefan an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
