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Mindaugas Čepas
Mindaugas (, , , , ; c. 1203 – 12 September 1263) was the first known Grand Duke of Lithuania and the only crowned King of Lithuania. Little is known of his origins, early life, or rise to power; he is mentioned in a 1219 treaty as an elder duke, and in 1236 as the leader of all the Lithuanians. The contemporary and modern sources discussing his ascent mention strategic marriages along with banishment or murder of his rivals. He extended his domain into regions southeast of Lithuania proper during the 1230s and 1240s. In 1250 or 1251, during the course of internal power struggles, he was baptised as a Roman Catholic; this action enabled him to establish an alliance with the Livonian Order, a long-standing antagonist of the Lithuanians. By 1245, Mindaugas was already being referred to as "the highest king" in certain documents. During the summer of 1253, he was crowned king, ruling between 300,000 and 400,000 subjects, and got nicknamed as ''Mindaugas the Sapient'' by the Livon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alexander Guagnini
Alexander Guagnini (; ; 1538, in Verona, Republic of Venice – 1614, in Kraków, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) was a Republic of Venice, Venetian-born Poland, Polish writer, military officer, chronicler and historian of Italy, Italian heritage. He is known as a Crown Rotmistrz of Poland and Commandant of Vitebsk. Guagnini fought for the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Livonian War and the Moldavian Magnate Wars. Gwagnin is best known for his Latin work ''Sarmatiae Europeae descriptio'', usually translated as ''Description of Sarmatian Europe'', published in Kraków, 1578, which contained descriptions of the countries of Eastern Europe (history, geography, religion, traditions of History of Poland, Poland, History of Lithuania, Lithuania, Samogitia, Ruthenia, Masovia, Prussia, Pomerania). Along with his father, Guagnini came to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Livonian War. He spent almost his entire life in Poland and considered it his other Motherl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
