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Midstream
The oil and gas industry is usually divided into three major components: upstream, midstream and downstream. The midstream sector involves the transportation (by pipeline, rail, barge, oil tanker or truck), storage, and wholesale marketing of crude or refined petroleum products. Pipelines and other transport systems can be used to move crude oil from production sites to refineries and deliver the various refined products to downstream distributors. Natural gas pipeline networks aggregate gas from natural gas purification plants and deliver it to downstream customers, such as local utilities. The midstream operations are often taken to include some elements of the upstream and downstream sectors. For example, the midstream sector may include natural gas processing plants that purify the raw natural gas as well as removing and producing elemental sulfur and natural gas liquids (NGL) as finished end-products. Service providers * Barge companies * Railroad companies * Truck ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Petroleum Industry
The petroleum industry, also known as the oil industry, includes the global processes of hydrocarbon exploration, exploration, extraction of petroleum, extraction, oil refinery, refining, Petroleum transport, transportation (often by oil tankers and pipeline transport, pipelines), and Downstream (petroleum industry)#Marketing, marketing of list of crude oil products, petroleum products. The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline (petrol). Petroleum is also the raw material for many petrochemical, chemical products, including pharmaceutical drug, pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, synthetic Aroma compound, fragrances, and plastics. The industry is usually divided into three major components: upstream (petroleum industry), upstream, midstream, and downstream (petroleum industry), downstream. Upstream regards exploration and extraction of Petroleum, crude oil, midstream encompasses transportation and Oil terminal, storage of crude, and dow ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Upstream (petroleum Industry)
The oil and gas industry is usually divided into three major sectors: upstream (also called exploration and production or E&P), '' midstream'' and '' downstream''. The upstream sector includes searching for potential underground or underwater crude oil and natural gas fields, drilling exploratory wells, and subsequently operating the wells that recover and bring the crude oil or raw natural gas to the surface. The upstream industry has traditionally experienced the highest number of Mergers, Acquisitions (M&A) and Divestitures. M&A activity for upstream oil and gas deals in 2012 totaled $254 billion in 679 deals. A large chunk of this M&A, 33% in 2012, was driven by the unconventional/shale boom especially in the US followed by Russia and then Canada. The aggregate value of Upstream E&P assets available for sale (Deals in Play) reached a record-high of $135 billion in Q3 2013. The value of Deals in Play doubled from $46 billion in 2009 to $90 billion in 2010. With ongoing M&A a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ISO 20815
ISO 20815 is the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard for production assurance and reliability management in the petroleum, Petrochemical industry, petrochemical and natural gas industries.ISO 20815:2008: Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries - Production assurance and reliability management accessed 11 March 2018 The 2008 version of the standard was last reviewed and confirmed in 2012. It has been replaced by ISO/DIS 20815:2018 in October 2018. accessed 12 December 2018 The division of the oil and gas industry into Upstream (petroleum industry), upstream, Midstream (petro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Petroleum Pipeline Systems
Petroleum, also known as crude oil or simply oil, is a naturally occurring, yellowish-black liquid chemical mixture found in geological formations, consisting mainly of hydrocarbons. The term ''petroleum'' refers both to naturally occurring unprocessed crude oil, as well as to petroleum products that consist of refined crude oil. Petroleum is a fossil fuel formed over millions of years from anaerobic decay of organic materials from buried prehistoric organisms, particularly planktons and algae, and 70% of the world's oil deposits were formed during the Mesozoic. Conventional reserves of petroleum are primarily recovered by drilling, which is done after a study of the relevant structural geology, analysis of the sedimentary basin, and characterization of the petroleum reservoir. There are also unconventional reserves such as oil sands and oil shale which are recovered by other means such as fracking. Once extracted, oil is refined and separated, most easily by distillation, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Technology
Technology is the application of Conceptual model, conceptual knowledge to achieve practical goals, especially in a reproducible way. The word ''technology'' can also mean the products resulting from such efforts, including both tangible tools such as Kitchen utensil, utensils or machines, and intangible ones such as software. Technology plays a critical role in science, engineering, and everyday life. Technological advancements have led to significant changes in society. The earliest known technology is the stone tool, used during prehistory, followed by the control of fire—which in turn contributed to the Brain size, growth of the human brain and the development of language during the Pleistocene, Ice Age, according to the cooking hypothesis. The invention of the wheel in the Bronze Age allowed greater travel and the creation of more complex machines. More recent technological inventions, including the printing press, telephone, and the Internet, have lowered barriers to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Extraction Of Petroleum
Petroleum is a fossil fuel that can be drawn from beneath the Earth's surface. Reservoirs of petroleum are formed through the mixture of plants, algae, and sediments in shallow seas under high pressure. Petroleum is mostly recovered from oil drilling. Seismic surveys and other methods are used to locate oil reservoirs. Oil rigs and oil platforms are used to drill long holes into the earth to create an oil well and extract petroleum. After extraction, oil is refined to make gasoline and other products such as tires and refrigerators. Extraction of petroleum can be dangerous and has led to oil spills. Locating the oil field Geologists and geophysicists use seismic surveys to search for geological structures that may form oil reservoirs. The "classic" method includes making an underground explosion nearby and observing the seismic response, which provides information about the geological structures underground. However, "passive" methods that extract information from naturall ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Downstream (petroleum Industry)
Downstream may refer to: * Downstream (hydrology), the direction towards the mouth of a stream, i.e. the direction the current flows * Downstream (bioprocess), when a cell mass from an upstream process (isolated, grown and harvested) is further processed to meet purity and quality requirements * Downstream (manufacturing), processes which occur later on in a production sequence or production line * Downstream (networking), data sent from a network service provider to a customer * Downstream (software development), direction away from the original authors or maintainers of software * Downstream (petroleum industry), oil and gas industry sector concerned with refining, processing and purifying, as well as consumer marketing and distribution of products * Downstream (DNA), the direction of an RNA molecule based on its 3' relative position of genetic code * Downstream (transduction), direction of cell signals opposite to that which are triggered by the binding of signal molecules ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coal Bed Methane
''Coalbed methane'' (CBM or coal-bed methane), coalbed gas, or coal seam gas (CSG) is a form of natural gas extracted from coal beds. In recent decades it has become an important source of energy in United States, Canada, Australia, and other countries. The term refers to methane absorbed into the solid matrix of the coal. It is called "sweet gas" because of its lack of hydrogen sulfide. The presence of this gas is well known from its occurrence in underground coal mining, where it presents a serious safety risk. Coalbed methane is distinct from a typical sandstone or other conventional gas reservoir, as the methane is stored within the coal by a process called adsorption. The methane is in a near-liquid state, lining the inside of pores within the coal (called the matrix). The open fractures in the coal (called the cleats) can also contain free gas or can be saturated with water. Unlike much natural gas from conventional reservoirs, coalbed methane contains very little heavi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gas To Liquids
Gas to liquids (GTL) is a oil refinery, refinery process to convert natural gas or other gaseous hydrocarbons into longer-chain hydrocarbons, such as gasoline or diesel fuel. Methane-rich gases are converted into liquid synthetic fuels. Two general strategies exist: (i) direct partial combustion of methane to methanol and (ii) Fischer–Tropsch process, Fischer–Tropsch-like processes that convert carbon monoxide and hydrogen into hydrocarbons. Strategy ii is followed by diverse methods to convert the hydrogen-carbon monoxide mixtures to liquids. Direct partial combustion has been demonstrated in nature but not replicated commercially. Technologies reliant on partial combustion have been commercialized mainly in regions where natural gas is inexpensive. The motivation for GTL is to produce liquid fuels, which are more readily transported than methane. Methane must be cooled below its critical temperature of −82.3 °C in order to be liquified under pressure. Because of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liquefied Petroleum Gas
Liquefied petroleum gas, also referred to as liquid petroleum gas (LPG or LP gas), is a fuel gas which contains a flammable mixture of hydrocarbon gases, specifically propane, Butane, ''n''-butane and isobutane. It can also contain some propylene, butylene, and isobutylene/Isobutylene, isobutene. LPG is used as a fuel gas in HVAC, heating appliances, cooking equipment, and vehicles, and is used as an aerosol propellant and a refrigerant, replacing chlorofluorocarbons in an effort to reduce the damage it causes to the ozone layer. When specifically used as a vehicle fuel, it is often referred to as autogas or just as Autogas#Terminology variations and confusion, gas. Varieties of LPG that are bought and sold include mixes that are mostly propane (), mostly butane (), and, most commonly, mixes including both propane and butane. In the northern hemisphere winter, the mixes contain more propane, while in summer, they contain more butane. In the United States, mainly two grad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oil Terminal
An oil terminal (also called a tank farm, tankfarm, oil installation or oil depot) is an industrial facility for the storage of oil, petroleum and petrochemical products, and from which these Petroleum product, products are transported to end users or other storage facilities. An oil terminal typically has a variety of above or below ground tankage; facilities for inter-tank transfer; pumping facilities; loading gantries for filling Tank truck, road tankers or barges; ship loading/unloading equipment at marine terminals; and pipeline transport, pipeline connections. History Originally, open pits and cubic reservoirs were used for industrial oil storage. The structure was pioneered by Russian engineer Vladimir Shukhov during his work for Branobel oil company. He published an article "Mechanical structures in oil industry" ("") in 1883, mathematically proving that cylindrical shape would require the least amount of steel, modelling structural stresses specific to oil storage ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Transportation
Transport (in British English) or transportation (in American English) is the intentional Motion, movement of humans, animals, and cargo, goods from one location to another. Mode of transport, Modes of transport include aviation, air, land transport, land (rail transport, rail and road transport, road), ship transport, water, cable transport, cable, pipeline transport, pipelines, and space transport, space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. Transport enables human trade, which is essential for the development of civilizations. Transport infrastructure consists of both fixed installations, including roads, railways, airway (aviation), airways, waterways, canals, and pipeline transport, pipelines, and terminals such as airports, train station, railway stations, bus stations, warehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fuel docks and fuel stations), and seaports. Terminals may be used both for the interchange of passengers and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
