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Michael Walzer
Michael Laban Walzer (born March 3, 1935) is an American Political theory, political theorist and public intellectual. A professor emeritus at the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) in Princeton, New Jersey, he is editor emeritus of the left-wing magazine ''Dissent (American magazine), Dissent,'' which he has been affiliated with since his years as an undergraduate at Brandeis University, an advisory editor of the Jews, Jewish journal ''Fathom Journal, Fathom,'' and sits on the editorial board of the ''Jewish Review of Books.'' He has written books and essays on a wide range of topics—many in political ethics—including Just war theory, just and unjust wars, nationalism, ethnicity, Zionism, antisemitism, economic justice, social criticism, Radicalization, radicalism, Toleration, tolerance, and political obligation. He is also a contributing editor to ''The New Republic''. To date, he has written 27 books and published over 300 articles, essays, and book reviews in ''Dissent ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New York City
New York, often called New York City (NYC), is the most populous city in the United States, located at the southern tip of New York State on one of the world's largest natural harbors. The city comprises five boroughs, each coextensive with a respective county. The city is the geographical and demographic center of both the Northeast megalopolis and the New York metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area in the United States by both population and urban area. New York is a global center of finance and commerce, culture, technology, entertainment and media, academics, and scientific output, the arts and fashion, and, as home to the headquarters of the United Nations, international diplomacy. With an estimated population in 2024 of 8,478,072 distributed over , the city is the most densely populated major city in the United States. New York City has more than double the population of Los Angeles, the nation's second-most populous city. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ethics
Ethics is the philosophy, philosophical study of Morality, moral phenomena. Also called moral philosophy, it investigates Normativity, normative questions about what people ought to do or which behavior is morally right. Its main branches include normative ethics, applied ethics, and metaethics. Normative ethics aims to find general principles that govern how people should act. Applied ethics examines concrete ethical problems in real-life situations, such as abortion, treatment of animals, and Business ethics, business practices. Metaethics explores the underlying assumptions and concepts of ethics. It asks whether there are objective moral facts, how moral knowledge is possible, and how moral judgments motivate people. Influential normative theories are consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics. According to consequentialists, an act is right if it leads to the best consequences. Deontologists focus on acts themselves, saying that they must adhere to Duty, duties, like t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Complex Equality
Complex equality is a theory of justice outlined by Michael Walzer Michael Laban Walzer (born March 3, 1935) is an American Political theory, political theorist and public intellectual. A professor emeritus at the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) in Princeton, New Jersey, he is editor emeritus of the left-win ... in his 1983 work '' Spheres of Justice''. It is considered innovative because of its emphasis on the broader conceptualization of distribution, which covers not only tangible goods but also abstract goods such as rights. The theory is distinguished from simple equality since it allows certain inequalities in social goods. Theory The theory posits that inequalities in several spheres of society should not invade one another. Walzer's definition of complex equality is: "In formal terms, complex equality means that no citizen's standing in one sphere or with regard to one social good can be undercut by his standing in some other sphere, with regard to some other good ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dirty Hands
The problem of dirty hands concerns whether political leaders are justified in committing immoral actions when "dirtying their hands", in realizing an important moral end, such as the preservation of a community's continued existence or the prevention of imminent societal catastrophe. Walzer and Williams on dirty hands Contemporary philosophical interest in the problem of dirty hands had been popularized by the works of American political theorist Michael Walzer and other thinkers.Walzer, M. (1973). "Political action: The problem of dirty hands". ''Philosophy & Public Affairs'', 160–180. The term itself comes from Jean-Paul Sartre's 1948 play '' Dirty Hands'', in which Hoederer speaks of having dirty hands up to his elbows, then asks, "But what do you hope? Do you think you can govern innocently?" Walzer argued that, in cases of " supreme emergency" in which a political community's continued existence is in imminent danger, its leaders might be obligated to dirty their hands and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Interpretation And Social Criticism
''Interpretation and Social Criticism'' is a 1987 book about political philosophy by Michael Walzer. Reception ''Interpretation and Social Criticism'' has, together with ''Just and Unjust Wars ''Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations'' is a 1977 book by the philosopher Michael Walzer. Published by Basic Books, it is still in print, now as part of the Basic Books Classics Series. A second edition was publish ...'' (1977) and '' Spheres of Justice'' (1983), been identified as one of Walzer's most important works by the philosopher Will Kymlicka. References Footnotes Sources * 1987 non-fiction books American non-fiction books Books by Michael Walzer Books in political philosophy English-language non-fiction books Harvard University Press books Social philosophy literature {{Poli-philo-book-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spheres Of Justice
''Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality'' is a 1983 book by the philosopher Michael Walzer. Summary Walzer explores the concept of distributive justice, which concerns the fair allocation of goods and resources in society. He argues against the idea of a single universal principle of justice that can be applied uniformly across all spheres of life. Instead, he suggests that different social goods should be distributed according to different principles, taking into account the specific characteristics and values of each sphere. Walzer argues in favour of an idea he calls "complex equality", and against the view that goods with different meaning and content can be lumped together into the larger category of ''primary goods'', as is advocated by John Rawls, in his ''A Theory of Justice'' (1971). According to Walzer, each sphere has its own internal logic and should be governed by distinct principles of distribution that reflect the particular goods and values at st ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Just And Unjust Wars
''Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations'' is a 1977 book by the philosopher Michael Walzer. Published by Basic Books, it is still in print, now as part of the Basic Books Classics Series. A second edition was published in 1992, a third edition in 2000, a fourth edition in 2006, and a fifth edition in 2015. The book resulted from Walzer's reflections on the Vietnam War. Summary Walzer draws on medieval Just War theory to explore the reasons that can justify war ''jus ad bellum'' and the ethical limits on the conduct of war ''jus in bello'' in an attempt to work out a modern, secular theory of just war. Walzer precises that in war not all action is equal, a just war exists and must be implemented through a strict display of rules. Reception ''Just and Unjust Wars'' has, together with ''Spheres of Justice'' (1983) and ''Interpretation and Social Criticism'' (1987), been identified as one of Walzer's most important works by the philosopher Will Kymlick ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Internationalism (politics)
Internationalism is a political principle that advocates greater political or economic cooperation among State (polity), states and nations. It is associated with other political movements and Ideology, ideologies, but can also reflect a doctrine, belief system, or movement in itself.Warren F. Kuehl, doi:10.1111/j.1468-0130.1986.tb00536.x, Concepts of Internationalism in History, July 1986. Supporters of internationalism are known as internationalists and generally believe that humans should unite across national, political, cultural, racial, or class boundaries to advance their common interests, or that governments should cooperate because their mutual long-term interests are of greater importance than their short-term disputes. Internationalism has several interpretations and meanings, but is usually characterized by opposition to ultranationalism and isolationism; support for international institutions such as the United Nations; and a Cosmopolitanism, cosmopolitan outlook th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Social Criticism
Social criticism is a form of academic or journalistic criticism focusing on social issues in contemporary society, in respect to perceived injustices and power relations in general. Social criticism of the Enlightenment The origin of modern social criticism go back at least to the Age of Enlightenment. According to the historian Jonathan Israel the roots of the radical enlightenment can be found in Spinoza and his circle. Radical enlighteners like Jean Meslier were not satisfied with the social criticism of the time, which was essentially a criticism of religion. The focus of his criticism was the suffering of the peasants. In addition, there was also a criticism of civilization for religious reasons, such as that which emanated from the Quakers in England. Jean-Jacques Rousseau developed a social criticism in his political philosophy which influenced the French Revolution andin his pedagogy. Academic forms The positivism dispute between critical rationalism, e.g. between ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Value Pluralism
In ethics, value pluralism (also known as ethical pluralism or moral pluralism) is the idea that there are several values which may be equally correct and fundamental, and yet in conflict with each other. In addition, value-pluralism postulates that in many cases, such incompatible values may be incommensurable, in the sense that there is no objective ordering of them in terms of importance. Value pluralism is opposed to value monism, which states that all other forms of value can be commensured with or reduced to a single form. Value-pluralism is a theory in metaethics, rather than a theory of normative ethics, or a set of values in itself. Oxford philosopher and historian of ideas Isaiah Berlin is credited with being the first to popularize a substantial work describing the theory of objective value-pluralism, bringing it to the attention of academia (cf. the Isaiah Berlin Virtual Library). The related idea that fundamental values can and, in some cases, do conflict with each ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liberalism
Liberalism is a Political philosophy, political and moral philosophy based on the Individual rights, rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality, the right to private property, and equality before the law. Liberals espouse various and often mutually conflicting views depending on their understanding of these principles but generally support private property, market economies, individual rights (including civil rights and human rights), liberal democracy, secularism, rule of law, Economic freedom, economic and political freedom, freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, and freedom of religion.Generally support: * * * * * * *constitutional government and privacy rights * Liberalism is frequently cited as the dominant ideology of modern history.Wolfe, p. 23. Liberalism became a distinct Political movement, movement in the Age of Enlightenment, gaining popularity among Western world, Western philosophers and economists. L ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Just War Theory
The just war theory () is a doctrine, also referred to as a tradition, of military ethics that aims to ensure that a war is morally justifiable through a series of #Criteria, criteria, all of which must be met for a war to be considered just. It has been studied by military leaders, theologians, ethicists and policymakers. The criteria are split into two groups: ("right to go to war") and ("right conduct in war"). There have been calls for the inclusion of a third category of just war theory (''jus post bellum'') dealing with the morality of post-war settlement and reconstruction. The just war theory postulates the belief that war, while it is terrible but less so with the right conduct, is not always the worst option. The just war theory presents a justifiable means of war with justice being an objective of armed conflict. Important responsibilities, undesirable outcomes, or preventable atrocities may justify war. Opponents of the just war theory may either be inclined to a s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
