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Miasteczko
A ( or (, ) was a historical type of urban settlement similar to a market town in the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. After the partitions of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth at the end of the 18th century, these settlements became widespread in the Austrian, German and Russian empires. The vast majority of miasteczki had significant or even predominant Jewish populations; these are known in English under the Yiddish term ''shtetl''. Miasteczki had a special administrative status other than that of town or city. The meaning "small town" is somewhat misleading since some 19th-century shtetls, such as Berdychiv or Bohuslav, counted over 15,000 people. Therefore, after Russian authorities annexed parts of Poland-Lithuania (which included parts of modern Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, and Lithuania), they had difficulties in formally defining what a miasteczko is. Typically, miasteczki grew out of or remained private towns belonging to Polish-Lithuanian landlords, usually ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Market Town
A market town is a settlement most common in Europe that obtained by custom or royal charter, in the Middle Ages, a market right, which allowed it to host a regular market; this distinguished it from a village or city. In Britain, small rural towns with a hinterland of villages are still commonly called market towns, as sometimes reflected in their names (e.g. Downham Market, Market Rasen, or Market Drayton). Modern markets are often in special halls, but this is a relatively recent development. Historically the markets were open-air, held in what is usually called (regardless of its actual shape) the market square or market place, sometimes centred on a market cross ( mercat cross in Scotland). They were and are typically open one or two days a week. In the modern era, the rise of permanent retail establishments reduced the need for periodic markets. History The primary purpose of a market town is the provision of goods and services to the surrounding locality. Al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tverai
Tverai () is a small town in Rietavas municipality, Lithuania. It is situated on Aitra River, tributary to Jūra, about 17 km east from Rietavas and 14 km from Varniai. Tverai, with population of about 560, is a capital of an elderate. History Tverai is identified with Tviriment Castle, mentioned in 1251 by the Hypatian Codex. The castle was the fortress where Vykintas, Duke of Samogitia and victorious leader of the Battle of Saule, defended himself against Mindaugas, crowned as King of Lithuania in 1253, during a civil war for power in the early Grand Duchy of Lithuania The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a sovereign state in northeastern Europe that existed from the 13th century, succeeding the Kingdom of Lithuania, to the late 18th century, when the territory was suppressed during the 1795 Partitions of Poland, .... Vykintas was defeated and Mindaugas became the undisputeded monarch. During World War II, a group of Jews were murdered in summer and fall of 1941. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Onuškis
Onuškis is a small town in Lithuania in the Trakai district municipality, around from Trakai and south of Aukštadvaris Aukštadvaris () is a town in Trakai district municipality in Lithuania on the Verknė river. According to 2011 census, it had population of 977. Aukštadvaris features Malewski Palace, built in 1837 by Antoni Malewski, which remained with th .... As of 2011, it had 519 inhabitants and was the seat for the Onuškis eldership. History In the nineteenth century the Jews were the majority in the town. Before World War I about 80 to 90 Jewish families lived in there, but during the war years their number decreased to about 50 to 60 families. On September 30, 1941, 1,446 Jews from Aukštadvaris, Lentavris, Onuškis, Rudziszki, Troki, Žydkaimis, and the surrounding areas were shot, after being abused, in the Varninkai Forest by Lithuanians from Aukštadvaris, Onuškis, and Lentvaris See also * Onuškis Manor References Towns in Lithuania Towns in V ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Žeimelis
Žeimelis is a small town in northern Lithuania, 40 km to the north from Pakruojis, near the border with Latvia. It is a centre of an elderate. According to a census in 2011, Žeimelis had 953 residents. Town of Žeimelis is a state-protected urbanistic monument. The town of Žeimelis has a town square with inns from the 18th and 19th centuries; the inns were adjusted for defensive needs as well. Žeimelis has museum of Semigallia. History The lands were inhabited by the Baltic tribe Semigallians. Žeimelis manor was first mentioned in 1500. In 1542 Žeimelis was known as a town. In 1592–1674 school of reformats was operating. Since the 17th century Žeimelis was a place of big markets. Field Marshal Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly was baptized in the Lutheran church on December 27, 1761. The high school was established in 1920. An agriculture school was founded in 1937. In August 1941, a total of 160 Jews from Žeimelis were murdered by an Einsatzgruppe. The mass e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Former Cities Of Poland
__NOTOC__ The following is a list of towns of Poland which lost their town status. *21st century *20th century: 1985– 1977 – 1975 – 1973 – 1972 – 1959 – 1957 – 1956 – 1954 – 1950 – 1948 – 1946 – 1945 – 1939 – 1934 – 1932 – 1928 – 1921 – 1919 – 1915 – 1914 *19th century: 1897 – 1896 – 1895 – 1892 – 1888 – 1880 – 1876 – 1875 – 1874 – 1873 – 1870 – 1869 – 1852 – 1824 – 1820 – 1818 * Before 19th century 21st century 2002 *Wesoła 1969; part of Warsaw now 20th century 1977 * Ursus 1952; part of Warsaw now * Ząbkowice 1962; part of Dąbrowa Górnicza now 1975 * Boguszowice 1962, part of Rybnik now * Brzeziny Śląskie 1951; part of Piekary Śląskie now * Fordon part of Bydgoszcz now * Grodziec 1951; part of Będzin now * Kazimierz Górniczy 1967; part of Sosnowiec now * Klimontów 1967; part of Sosnowiec now * Kostuchna 1967; part of Katowice now * Kraśnik Fabryczny 1954; part of Kraśnik now * Murcki 1967; ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Valkininkai
Valkininkai () is a historic town in (Valkininkai) Elderships of Lithuania, eldership, Varėna District Municipality, Alytus County, Lithuania, located about northeast from Varėna and about southwest from Vilnius. At the Lithuanian census of 2001, its population was 238 and at the Lithuanian census of 2011, census of 2011 it was 229. The town is situated on the confluence of Merkys River with its tributaries Šalčia and Geluža River, Geluža. About east of Valkininkai there is , a settlement that grew around a train station on the Saint Petersburg–Warsaw railway and now has more residents. History Grand Duchy of Lithuania It is believed that Valkininkai was first mentioned in a letter from Grand Duke Jogaila to his brother Skirgaila in 1387. The settlement developed on a large island (since then disappeared) in Merkys River. Situated near the Gardinas–Varėna–Vilnius route, the settlement had a royal estate that Grand Dukes used as a hunting lodge. The route furthe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gruzdžiai
Gruzdžiai is a town in Šiauliai County in northern-central Lithuania. In 2011 it had a population of 1,467. The town has a post office (ZIP code: 81024) and a gymnasium. Gruzdžiai was the birthplace of Lithuanian exile novelist Marius Katiliškis. References Towns in Lithuania Towns in Šiauliai County Shavelsky Uyezd {{ŠiauliaiCounty-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Žemaičių Kalvarija
Žemaičių Kalvarija (Samogitian language, Samogitian: ''Žemaitiu Kalvarėjė'', ) is a town in Plungė district municipality, Lithuania. It is known as a List of Catholic pilgrimage sites in Lithuania, major site for Catholic pilgrimage. Every July the town hosts a large Church festival, known as the Great Žemaičių Kalvarija Festival. It attracts many tourists from all over Lithuania and abroad. It is one of the few "must-visit" locations for most Roman Catholics of Lithuania. The main church of the town boasts a sculpture of the crucified Jesus and a picture of St. Maria, which was brought to this town in the middle of 17th century from Rome. The picture is considered to be saintly. History of the name This place was mentioned in 1253 as ''Garde'' (Gardaí). In the 17th century, when the main church and road of cross were built, people started calling it the New Jerusalem, but after some time it was named Kalvarija after the name of the hill where Jesus was crucified. I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Town Privileges
Town privileges or borough rights were important features of European towns during most of the second millennium. The city law customary in Central Europe probably dates back to Italian models, which in turn were oriented towards the traditions of the self-administration of Roman cities. Judicially, a borough (or burgh) was distinguished from the countryside by means of a charter from the ruling monarch that defined its privileges and laws. Common privileges involved trade (marketplace, the storing of goods, etc.) and the establishment of guilds. Some of these privileges were permanent and could imply that the town obtained the right to be called a borough, hence the term "borough rights" (; ). Some degree of self-government, representation by diet, and tax-relief could also be granted. Multiple tiers existed; for example, in Sweden, the basic royal charter establishing a borough enabled trade, but not foreign trade, which required a higher-tier charter granting staple ri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
November Uprising
The November Uprising (1830–31) (), also known as the Polish–Russian War 1830–31 or the Cadet Revolution, was an armed rebellion in Russian Partition, the heartland of Partitions of Poland, partitioned Poland against the Russian Empire. The uprising began on 29 November 1830 in Warsaw when young Polish officers from the military academy of the Army of Congress Poland revolted, led by Lieutenant Piotr Wysocki. Large segments of the peoples of Lithuania, Belarus, and Right-bank Ukraine soon joined the uprising. Although the insurgents achieved local successes, a numerically superior Imperial Russian Army under Ivan Paskevich eventually crushed the uprising. "Polish Uprising of 1830–31." ''The Great Soviet Encycloped ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jews
Jews (, , ), or the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group and nation, originating from the Israelites of History of ancient Israel and Judah, ancient Israel and Judah. They also traditionally adhere to Judaism. Jewish ethnicity, religion, and community are highly interrelated, as Judaism is their ethnic religion, though it is not practiced by all ethnic Jews. Despite this, religious Jews regard Gerim, converts to Judaism as members of the Jewish nation, pursuant to the Conversion to Judaism, long-standing conversion process. The Israelites emerged from the pre-existing Canaanite peoples to establish Kingdom of Israel (Samaria), Israel and Kingdom of Judah, Judah in the Southern Levant during the Iron Age.John Day (Old Testament scholar), John Day (2005), ''In Search of Pre-Exilic Israel'', Bloomsbury Publishing, pp. 47.5 [48] 'In this sense, the emergence of ancient Israel is viewed not as the cause of the demise of Canaanite culture but as its upshot'. Originally, J ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Magnates Of Poland And Lithuania
The magnates of Poland and Lithuania (, ) were an aristocracy of Polish-Lithuanian identity, Polish-Lithuanian nobility (''szlachta'') that existed in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and, from the 1569 Union of Lublin, in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, until the Third Partition of Poland in 1795. The magnate social class arose around the 16th century and, over time, gained more and more control over Commonwealth politics. The most powerful magnates were known as "little kings" due to the extent of their power and independence. Their influence diminished with the Third Partition of Poland (1795), which ended the Commonwealth's independent existence, and came to an end with the Second World War and the communist-ruled People's Republic of Poland. Famous magnate families in the territories of the Crown of Poland included the Czartoryski family, Czartoryski, Kalinowski family, Kalinowski, Koniecpolski family, Koniecpolski, Krasiński family ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
