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Mehmet Ali Of Egypt
Muhammad Ali (4 March 1769 – 2 August 1849) was the Ottoman Albanian viceroy and governor who became the '' de facto'' ruler of Egypt from 1805 to 1848, widely considered the founder of modern Egypt. At the height of his rule in 1840, he controlled Egypt, Sudan, Hejaz, the Levant, Crete and parts of Greece and transformed Cairo from a mere Ottoman provincial capital to the center of an expansive empire. Born in a village in Albania, when he was young he moved with his family to Kavala in the Rumelia Eyalet, where his father, an Albanian tobacco and shipping merchant, served as an Ottoman commander of a small unit in the city. Ali was a military commander in an Albanian Ottoman force sent to recover Egypt from French occupation following Napoleon's withdrawal. He rose to power through a series of political maneuvers, and in 1805 he was named ''Wāli'' (governor) of Egypt and gained the rank of Pasha. As ''Wāli'', Ali attempted to modernize Egypt by instituting dramatic r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Khedive
Khedive ( ; ; ) was an honorific title of Classical Persian origin used for the sultans and grand viziers of the Ottoman Empire, but most famously for the Khedive of Egypt, viceroy of Egypt from 1805 to 1914.Adam Mestyan"Khedive" ''Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three'' (Leiden: Brill, 2020), 2:70–71. It is attested in Persian poetry from the 10th century and was used as an Ottoman honorific from the 16th. It was borrowed into Ottoman Turkish directly from Persian. It was first used in Egypt, without official recognition, by Muhammad Ali of Egypt, Muhammad Ali Pasha, the ethnically Albanian governor of Ottoman Egypt and Turco-Egyptian Sudan from 1805 to 1848. The initially self-declared title was officially recognized by the Ottoman government in 1867 and used subsequently by Isma'il Pasha of Egypt and his dynastic successors until 1914. The term entered Arabic in Egypt in the 1850s. Etymology This title is recorded in English since 1867, borrowed from French , in turn from Ottoman ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Mosque Of Muhammad Ali
The Muhammad Ali Mosque or Mosque of Muhammad Ali () is a historic mosque in Cairo, Egypt. It was commissioned by Muhammad Ali of Egypt, Muhammad Ali Pasha and built between 1832 and 1857. Situated in the Cairo Citadel in a position overlooking the city, it is one of the most visible mosques and landmarks in the skyline of Cairo. Unlike the traditional Cairene architecture that preceded it, the mosque was built in an entirely Ottoman and European-influenced style, further setting it apart from other monuments. It is sometimes called the Alabaster Mosque due to the prominent use of alabaster as a covering for its walls. History Construction The mosque was built within the Citadel of Cairo on the orders of Muhammad Ali of Egypt, Muhammad Ali, an Ottoman governor who took control in Egypt, gained autonomy, and initiated an extensive program of reforms. The new mosque was founded in 1830. In order to accommodate his mosque and new palaces in the Citadel, Muhammad Ali demolished t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Turco-Egyptian Conquest Of Sudan (1820–1824)
The Turco-Egyptian conquest of Sudan was a major military and technical feat. Fewer than 10,000 men set off from Egypt, but, with some local assistance, they were able to penetrate 1,500 km up the Nile River to the frontiers of Ethiopia, giving Egypt an empire as large as Western Europe. The conquest was the first time that an invasion of Sudan from the north had penetrated so far; it involved two risky and unprecedented desert crossings; it necessitated the use of explosives to clear a way up the Nile; and it was an early instance of a small force with modern training, firearms and artillery defeating much larger forces in Africa. Together with the campaigns and expeditions which followed it, the conquest roughly established the post-independence borders of Sudan. The invading forces also made their headquarters at Khartoum in May 1821, from which time it soon developed into Sudan's capital city. Reasons for the conquest Muhammad Ali, the Khedive of Egypt, wanted a large ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Expedition To Najd (1817–1818)
The Najd Expedition () was a series of military conflicts waged by Egypt from 1817 to 1818. It was part of the Ottoman–Saudi War that lasted from 1811 to 1818. The campaign of 1817/8 was led by Ibrahim Pasha, with the goal of capturing Diriyah and ending the First Saudi State by the order of the Ottoman sultan Mahmud II, through no real strategy other than brute force. Background The rise of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab happened in the middle of the 18th century. Ibn Abd al-Wahhab gradually opposed many popular practices, such as the visiting and veneration of the shrines and tombs of Muslim saints, which he felt amounted to heretical religious innovation or even idolatry. His call for social reform in society was based on the key doctrine of Tawhid (oneness of God) and was greatly inspired by the treatises of classical scholars Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim. His calling for Tawhid found popular support in Najd, and in the following years, his movement became larger than before ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
Battle Of Byssel
The Battle of Byssel was a military engagement between the Ottoman forces and the Saudi forces in Byssel. The Ottomans won a decisive battle, which broke Saudi power. Background After the Battle of Medina (1812), Battle of Medina in 1812, the Ottomans began suffering military defeats in Capture of Al Hinakiyah, Hinakiyah, Battle of Turubah (1813), Turubah, Battle of Al Qunfudhah (1814), Qunfudhah, and Al-Bahah expedition, Bahah. Soon after their recent defeat in Al-Bahah, Muhammad Ali of Egypt, Muhammad Ali Pasha set Turubah as his next objective. He encouraged his troops that the walls of Turubah wouldn't last long and no soldier would have to scale them. The Saudi commander, Bakhrosh bin A'llas, sent a taunting letter to Muhammad Ali Pasha, informing him that he would lose with his troops and return to Egypt. To encourage his army, he captured 13 Bedouins and claimed they were Saudi robbers, while in reality they headed to Jeddah to purchase supplies. All of them were executed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon] |
