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MecA
''mecA'' is a gene found in bacterial cells which allows them to be resistant to antibiotics such as methicillin, penicillin and other penicillin-like antibiotics. The bacteria strain most commonly known to carry ''mecA'' is methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA). In ''Staphylococcus'' species, ''mecA'' is spread through the staphylococcal chromosome cassette SCC''mec'' genetic element. Resistant strains cause many hospital-acquired infections. ''mecA'' encodes the protein PBP2A ( penicillin-binding protein 2A), a transpeptidase that helps form the bacterial cell wall. PBP2A has a lower affinity for beta-lactam antibiotics such as methicillin and penicillin than DD-transpeptidase does, so it does not bind to the ringlike structure of penicillin-like antibiotics. This enables transpeptidase activity in the presence of beta-lactams, preventing them from inhibiting cell wall synthesis. The bacteria can then replicate as normal. History Methicillin resistance fi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
Methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA) is a group of gram-positive bacteria that are genetically distinct from other strains of ''Staphylococcus aureus''. MRSA is responsible for several difficult-to-treat infections in humans. It caused more than 100,000 deaths worldwide attributable to antimicrobial resistance in 2019. MRSA is any strain of ''S. aureus'' that has developed (through mutation) or acquired (through horizontal gene transfer) a multiple drug resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics. Beta-lactam (β-lactam) antibiotics are a broad-spectrum group that include some penams (penicillin derivatives such as methicillin and oxacillin) and cephems such as the cephalosporins. Strains unable to resist these antibiotics are classified as methicillin-susceptible ''S. aureus'', or MSSA. MRSA infection is common in hospitals, prisons, and nursing homes, where people with open wounds, invasive devices such as catheters, and weakened immune systems are at greate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SCCmec
SCC''mec'', or staphylococcal cassette chromosome ''mec'', is a mobile genetic element of ''Staphylococcus'' bacterial species. This genetic sequence includes the ''mecA'' gene coding for resistance to the antibiotic methicillin and is the only known way for ''Staphylococcus'' strains to spread the gene in the wild by horizontal gene transfer. SCC''mec'' is a 21 to 60 kb long genetic element that confers broad-spectrum β-lactam resistance to MRSA. Moreover, additional genetic elements like Tn''554'', pT181, and pUB110 can be found in SCC''mec,'' which have the capability to render resistance to various non-β-lactam drugs. Classification Not all SCC''mec'' elements are identical (in fact, SCC elements without the ''mecA'' gene do exist.) As of December 2021, ''SCCmec'' elements have been classified into fourteen types (I through XIV). One region is the ''mec'' complex including the ''mecA'' gene. The other is the ''ccr'' gene complex including genes coding for recombinases. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bacteria
Bacteria (; : bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one Cell (biology), biological cell. They constitute a large domain (biology), domain of Prokaryote, prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit the air, soil, water, Hot spring, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep biosphere of Earth's crust. Bacteria play a vital role in many stages of the nutrient cycle by recycling nutrients and the nitrogen fixation, fixation of nitrogen from the Earth's atmosphere, atmosphere. The nutrient cycle includes the decomposition of cadaver, dead bodies; bacteria are responsible for the putrefaction stage in this process. In the biological communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, extremophile bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting dissolved compounds, suc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Electrophoresis
Electrophoresis is the motion of charged dispersed particles or dissolved charged molecules relative to a fluid under the influence of a spatially uniform electric field. As a rule, these are zwitterions with a positive or negative net charge. Electrophoresis is used in laboratories to separate macromolecules based on their charges. The technique normally applies a negative charge called cathode so anionic protein molecules move towards a positive charge called anode. Therefore, electrophoresis of positively charged particles or molecules (cations) is sometimes called cataphoresis, while electrophoresis of negatively charged particles or molecules (anions) is sometimes called anaphoresis. Electrophoresis is the basis for analytical techniques used in biochemistry and molecular biology to separate particles, molecules, or ions by size, charge, or binding affinity, either freely or through a supportive medium using a one-directional flow of electrical charge. It is use ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cell Biology
Cell biology (also cellular biology or cytology) is a branch of biology that studies the structure, function, and behavior of cells. All living organisms are made of cells. A cell is the basic unit of life that is responsible for the living and functioning of organisms. Cell biology is the study of the structural and functional units of cells. Cell biology encompasses both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and has many subtopics which may include the study of cell metabolism, cell communication, cell cycle, biochemistry, and cell composition. The study of cells is performed using several microscopy techniques, cell culture, and cell fractionation. These have allowed for and are currently being used for discoveries and research pertaining to how cells function, ultimately giving insight into understanding larger organisms. Knowing the components of cells and how cells work is fundamental to all biological sciences while also being essential for research in biomedical fiel ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee
The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) is a committee of the Human Genome Organisation (HUGO) that sets the standards for human gene nomenclature. The HGNC approves a ''unique'' and ''meaningful'' name for every known human gene, based on a query of experts. In addition to the name, which is usually 1 to 10 words long, the HGNC also assigns a symbol (a short group of characters) to every gene. As with an SI symbol, a gene symbol is like an abbreviation but is more than that, being a second unique name that can stand on its own just as much as substitute for the longer name. It may not necessarily "stand for" the initials of the name, although many gene symbols do reflect that origin. Purpose Full gene names, and especially gene abbreviations and symbols, are often not specific to a single gene. A marked example is CAP which can refer to any of 6 different genes (BRD4'', CAP1'', HACD1'', LNPEP'', SERPINB6'', and SORBS1''). The HGNC short gene names, or gene symbols, unlik ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Staphylococcus Fleurettii
''Staphylococcus fleurettii'' is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative member of the bacterial genus ''Staphylococcus'' consisting of single, paired, and clustered cocci Bacterial cellular morphologies are the shapes that are characteristic of various types of bacteria and often key to their identification. Their direct examination under a light microscope enables the classification of these bacteria (and archaea .... Strains of this species were originally isolated from raw-milk goat cheese. References External linksUniProt Taxonomy fleurettii [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antibiotics Resistance
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR or AR) occurs when microbes evolve mechanisms that protect them from antimicrobials, which are drugs used to treat infections. This resistance affects all classes of microbes, including bacteria (antibiotic resistance), viruses (antiviral resistance), parasites (antiparasitic resistance), and fungi (antifungal resistance). Together, these adaptations fall under the AMR umbrella, posing significant challenges to healthcare worldwide. Misuse and improper management of antimicrobials are primary drivers of this resistance, though it can also occur naturally through genetic mutations and the spread of resistant genes. Antibiotic resistance, a significant AMR subset, enables bacteria to survive antibiotic treatment, complicating infection management and treatment options. Resistance arises through spontaneous mutation, horizontal gene transfer, and increased selective pressure from antibiotic overuse, both in medicine and agriculture, which accelerates ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mammaliicoccus Sciuri
''Mammaliicoccus sciuri'', previously ''Staphylococcus sciuri'', is a Gram-positive, oxidase-positive, coagulase-negative member of the bacterial genus '' Mammaliicoccus'' consisting of clustered cocci. The type subspecies ''M. sciuri'' subsp. ''sciuri'' was originally known as ''Staphylococcus sciuri'' subsp. ''sciuri'' and used to categorize 35 strains shown to use cellobiose, galactose, sucrose, and glycerol Glycerol () is a simple triol compound. It is a colorless, odorless, sweet-tasting, viscous liquid. The glycerol backbone is found in lipids known as glycerides. It is also widely used as a sweetener in the food industry and as a humectant in pha .... In 2020, Madhaiyan et al. renamed the genus for ''M. sciuri'' from ''Staphylococcus'' to ''Mammaliicoccus''. References Further reading External linksType strain of ''Staphylococcus sciuri'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase sciuri Bacteria described in 1976 {{Staphylococcaceae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Epicatechin Gallate
Epicatechin gallate (ECG, (−)-epicatechin-3-gallate) is a flavan-3-ol, a type of flavonoid, primarily found in green tea (''Camellia sinensis''), with smaller amounts in cocoa, grapes, and other plants. It is also reported in buckwheat and in grape. As a polyphenolic catechin, ECG is formed by the esterification of epicatechin with gallic acid, contributing to antioxidant, antimicrobial, and potential anticancer properties. ECG is studied for its ability to reverse methicillin resistance in ''Staphylococcus aureus'' and inhibit inflammatory pathways, but its clinical use is limited by poor bioavailability and thermal instability in boiling water. Recent research highlights its potential in modulating SARS-CoV-2-related inflammation and bacterial virulence factors. Epicatechin, as well as many other flavonoids, has been found to act as a nonselective antagonist of the opioid receptors, albeit with somewhat low affinity. Chemical structure and properties ECG is a flavonoid with ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gene Expression
Gene expression is the process (including its Regulation of gene expression, regulation) by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product that enables it to produce end products, proteins or non-coding RNA, and ultimately affect a phenotype. These products are often proteins, but in non-protein-coding genes such as Transfer RNA, transfer RNA (tRNA) and Small nuclear RNA, small nuclear RNA (snRNA), the product is a functional List of RNAs, non-coding RNA. The process of gene expression is used by all known life—eukaryotes (including multicellular organisms), prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea), and viruses—to generate the macromolecule, macromolecular machinery for life. In genetics, gene expression is the most fundamental level at which the genotype gives rise to the phenotype, ''i.e.'' observable trait. The genetic information stored in DNA represents the genotype, whereas the phenotype results from the "interpretation" of that informati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
