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Maksymilian Ciężki
Maksymilian Ciężki (; Samter, Province of Posen (now Szamotuły, Poland), 24 November 1898 – 9 November 1951 in London, England) was the head of the Polish Cipher Bureau's German section (''BS–4'') in the 1930s, during which time—from December 1932—the Bureau decrypted German Enigma messages. During the German invasion of Poland in September 1939, Ciężki escaped to France to continue work on breaking Enigma ciphers. In 1943 he was captured by the Germans and interned in an S.S. concentration camp. Career In the 1930s, Ciężki, as an army captain, was chief of the Polish General Staff Cipher Bureau's German section (''Biuro Szyfrów-4'', abbreviated ''BS-4''). This section "broke" ( decrypted) German Enigma machine ciphers. Ciężki was also deputy to the Cipher Bureau's chief, Major (later, Lt. Col.) Gwido Langer, and in addition supervised the radio-intercept stations at Starogard in the Polish Corridor, at Poznań in western Poland, and at Krzes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Starogard Gdański
Starogard Gdański (; until 1950: ''Starogard''; formerly ) is a city in Pomeranian Voivodeship in northern Poland with 48,328 inhabitants (2004). Starogard is the capital of Starogard County. Founded in the Middle Ages, Starogard is a city with various heritage sights including medieval defensive walls and towers. It was the location of the sejmik (local parliament) of the Pomeranian Voivodeship in the early modern period. In the late modern period, it was an important center of Polish resistance against the Germanisation policies of Kingdom of Prussia, Prussia following the Partitions of Poland. Starogard is home to one of the oldest vodka factories in Poland, one of the largest and oldest psychiatric hospitals in Poland and notable basketball club SKS Starogard Gdański. Starogard is the second biggest city of the ethnocultural region of Kociewie (after Tczew). It is considered the capital of Kociewie, and as such it hosts the Museum of Kociewie Land, devoted to the history of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kinross
Kinross (, ) is a burgh in Perth and Kinross, Scotland, around south of Perth, Scotland, Perth and around northwest of Edinburgh. It is the traditional county town of the Counties of Scotland, historic county of Kinross-shire. History Kinross's origins are connected with the nearby Loch Leven and its islands whose history goes back to the 5th century AD. Kinross developed as a staging post on the Great North Road from North Queensferry to Perth, Scotland, Perth. In time, local industry developed and by the early 18th century the town had grown to a population of around 600 people. By the mid-19th century, a thriving wool weaving industry had emerged. Kinross Town Hall was completed in 1841. Location and transport The site of the original Pre-Reformation parish church (building), church and churchyard is down a small wynd overlooking Loch Leven (Kinross), Loch Leven, a little away from the town. The church was dedicated to St. Serf and was under control of Dunfermline Abbey. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stefan Mayer
Colonel Stefan A. Mayer (1895 — 23 March 1981, London) was a Polish military intelligence officer and prewar chief of Counterintelligence within the Polish General Staff's Section II (''Oddział II''). In that capacity, he supervised the General Staff's Cipher Bureau, whose achievements included the breaking of German Enigma-machine ciphers. Career In January 1938Kozaczuk, see references. Mayer — cryptologist Marian Rejewski was to recall — "directed that statistics be compiled for a two-week estperiod, comparing the uantities of Enigma-messagematerial solved, with the uantities ofEnigma-enciphered material intercepted by the radiotelegraphers. The ratio came to 75 percent.... With slightly augmented personnel, we might have attained about 90 percent..." Mayer would recall in 1974 that, before World War II, Colonel Tadeusz Pełczyński, chief of the Polish General Staff's Section II, suggested to the chief of the General Staff, General Wacław Stachiewicz, that in case ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hugh Sebag-Montefiore
Nicholas Hugh Sebag-Montefiore (born 5 March 1955) is a British writer. He trained as a barrister before becoming a journalist and then a non-fiction writer. Biography He has published two books on the history of the Second World War, of which the first was ''Enigma: The Battle for the Code'' in 2000 and concerned the breaking of the German Enigma machine code at Bletchley Park. In 2006, ''Dunkirk: Fight to the Last Man'' came out. He was among the signatories of the 2007 open letter to the BBC against the closure of the '' Timewatch'' documentary series, published in ''The Guardian''. In 2016, ''Somme: Into the Breach'' appeared in time for the 100th anniversary of the Somme Offensive during the First World War. Family background He has been married since 1989 to Aviva Burnstock, the head of the Department of Art Conservation & Technology at the Courtauld Institute in London. His brother Simon Sebag Montefiore is also a writer, besides being an historian. His cousin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Concentration Camp
A concentration camp is a prison or other facility used for the internment of political prisoners or politically targeted demographics, such as members of national or ethnic minority groups, on the grounds of national security, or for exploitation or punishment. Prominent examples of historic concentration camps include the British confinement of non-combatants during the Second Boer War, the Internment of Japanese Americans, mass internment of Japanese-Americans by the US during the Second World War, the Nazi concentration camps (which later morphed into extermination camps), and the Soviet labour camps or gulag. History Definition The term ''concentration camp'' originates from the Spanish–Cuban Ten Years' War when Spanish forces detained Cuban civilians in camps in order to more easily combat guerrilla forces. Over the following decades the British during the Second Boer War and the Americans during the Philippine–American War also used concentration camps. The term "c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Władysław Kozaczuk
Władysław Kozaczuk (23 December 1923 – 26 September 2003) was a Polish Army colonel and a military and intelligence historian. Life Born in the village of Babiki near Sokółka, Kozaczuk joined the army in 1944, during World War II, at Białystok. In 1945 he became a Polish Army second lieutenant, and spent the first five years of his service commanding operational units of the Internal Security Corps, fighting the Polish anticommunist underground and then the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. In 1950 he was transferred to the Internal Security Corps Staff in Warsaw. In 1954–55, following the Korean War, Kozaczuk carried out armistice-related duties in Korea. In 1955–58 he served in the Polish Ministry of Internal Affairs ('). In 1957–58 he saw duty with the International Control Commission in Vietnam. In 1958–69 he served in Polish military counter-intelligence ('' Wojskowa Służba Wewnętrzna''). According to his family, he found conditions the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spain
Spain, or the Kingdom of Spain, is a country in Southern Europe, Southern and Western Europe with territories in North Africa. Featuring the Punta de Tarifa, southernmost point of continental Europe, it is the largest country in Southern Europe and the fourth-most populous European Union member state. Spanning across the majority of the Iberian Peninsula, its territory also includes the Canary Islands, in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean, the Balearic Islands, in the Western Mediterranean Sea, and the Autonomous communities of Spain#Autonomous cities, autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla, in mainland Africa. Peninsular Spain is bordered to the north by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; to the east and south by the Mediterranean Sea and Gibraltar; and to the west by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean. Spain's capital and List of largest cities in Spain, largest city is Madrid, and other major List of metropolitan areas in Spain, urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kazimierz Gaca
Kazimierz Gaca alias Jean Jacquin (1920-1997) was a Polish cryptanalyst and officer. Before World War II, he worked at the Cipher Bureau (), decoding radio messages encrypted by the German military using their Enigma machine. After WWII, he worked for the French intelligence bureau and retired in the south of France. Biography Early life, activities before WWII Kazimierz was born from Aleksandra and Franciszek Gaca. He was the youngest of four brothers, Zbigniew (1908-1951), Czesław (born 1909) and Adam (born 1910). In Bydgoszcz, the family lived at 26 Chrobrego Street. In 1938, while studying mathematics at the University of Warsaw, followed his twelve-years-older brother Zbigniew and joined the Polish Cipher Bureau or ''Biuro Szyfrów'' (BS). He was posted in the ''BS4'', the department in charge of German ciphers, counterintelligence and radio surveillance. At the time, Kazimierz was the youngest employee, working in premises in the Kabaty Woods near Pyry (today's Poli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Edward Fokczyński
Edward Fokczyński was one of the four directors of the AVA Radio Company, an electronics firm established in Warsaw, Poland, in 1929. AVA produced radio equipment for the Polish General Staff's Biuro Szyfrów, Cipher Bureau, which was responsible for the radio communications of the Second Department of Polish General Staff, General Staff's Intelligence Section (''Oddział II''). After the Cipher Bureau's mathematician-cryptologist Marian Rejewski in December 1932 deduced the wiring in the Germany, German Enigma machine, Enigma rotor cipher machine, AVA produced Enigma "doubles" and all the electro-mechanical equipment that was designed at the Cipher Bureau to facilitate decryption of the German ciphers. Life Fokczyński was an autodidact whose formal education did not extend beyond four grades of primary school at Pabianice. He worked there as a journeyman locksmith before moving in 1913 to Łódź, where he found a job in the electrical engineering firm of Knapik and Company. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Antoni Palluth
Antoni Palluth (11 May 1900, Pobiedziska, Province of Posen – 18 April 1944) was a founder of the AVA Radio Company. The company built communications equipment for the Polish military; the work included not only radios but also cryptographic equipment. Palluth was involved with the German section (''BS-4'') of the Poland, Polish General Staff's interbellum Biuro Szyfrów, Cipher Bureau. He helped teach courses on cryptanalysis, and was involved with building equipment to break the German Enigma machine. Life Palluth was a civil engineering, civil-engineer graduate of the Warsaw Polytechnic. In January 1929, he was one of the instructors in a cryptology course organized by the Cipher Bureau, at Poznań University, which was attended by selected mathematics students. The students included future Biuro Szyfrów, Cipher Bureau civilian employees Marian Rejewski, Jerzy Różycki and Henryk Zygalski. In the 1930s, Palluth was one of the four directors of the AVA Radio Company ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kraków
, officially the Royal Capital City of Kraków, is the List of cities and towns in Poland, second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city has a population of 804,237 (2023), with approximately 8 million additional people living within a radius. Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 1596, and has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, cultural, and artistic life. Cited as one of Europe's most beautiful cities, its Kraków Old Town, Old Town was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1978, one of the world's first sites granted the status. The city began as a Hamlet (place), hamlet on Wawel Hill and was a busy trading centre of Central Europe in 985. In 1038, it became the seat of King of Poland, Polish monarchs from the Piast dynasty, and subsequently served as the centre of administration under Jagiellonian dynasty, Jagiellonian kings and of the Polish–Lithuan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
