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Making Off Without Payment
Making off without payment is a statutory offence in England and Wales, Northern Ireland, Republic of Ireland and Hong Kong. It was first introduced on the recommendation of the Criminal Law Revision Committee and is intended to protect legitimate business concerns and applies where goods are supplied or a service is performed on the basis that payment will be made there and then. A taxi passenger who runs off without paying the fare at the end of the journey; and a motorist who fills up with petrol at a garage and drives off when the attendant is distracted. For these purposes, it must be proved that the defendant knew that payment on the spot was required or expected, and made off dishonestly with intent to avoid payment of the amount due. Prior to the creation of the offence, running off might be a tort but it was not a crime; the supplier would have to bring a civil law (common law), civil lawsuit against the recipient. The use of criminal law is intended to avoid this expen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Statutory
A statute is a law or formal written enactment of a legislature. Statutes typically declare, command or prohibit something. Statutes are distinguished from court law and unwritten law (also known as common law) in that they are the expressed will of a legislative body, whether that be on the behalf of a country, state or province, county, municipality, or so on. Depending on the legal system, a statute may also be referred to as an "act." Etymology The word appears in use in English as early as the 14th century. "Statute" and earlier English spellings were derived from the Old French words ''statut'', ''estatut'', ''estatu,'' meaning "(royal) promulgation, (legal) statute." These terms were in turn derived from the Late Latin ''statutum,'' meaning "a law, decree." Publication and organization In virtually all countries, newly enacted statutes are published and distributed so that everyone can look up the statutory law. This can be done in the form of a government gazette, whi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theft (Northern Ireland) Order 1978
Theft (, cognate to ) is the act of taking another person's property or services without that person's permission or consent with the intent to deprive the rightful owner of it. The word ''theft'' is also used as a synonym or informal shorthand term for some crimes against property, such as larceny, robbery, embezzlement, extortion, blackmail, or receiving stolen property. In some jurisdictions, ''theft'' is considered to be synonymous with ''larceny'', while in others, ''theft'' is defined more narrowly. A person who engages in theft is known as a thief ( thieves). ''Theft'' is the name of a statutory offence in California, Canada, England and Wales, Hong Kong, Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland, and the Australian states of South Australia Theft (and receiving). and Victoria. Theft. Elements The ''actus reus'' of theft is usually defined as an unauthorised taking, keeping, or using of another's property which must be accompanied by a ''mens rea'' of dishonesty a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Victimology
Victimology is the study of victimization, including the psychological effects on victims, the relationship between victims and offenders, the interactions between victims and the criminal justice system—that is, the police and courts, and corrections officials—and the connections between victims and other social groups and institutions, such as the media, businesses, and social movements. Victim of a crime In criminology and criminal law, a victim of a crime is an identifiable person who has been harmed individually and directly by the perpetrator, rather than by society as a whole. However, this may not always be the case, as with victims of white collar crime, white-collar crime, who may not be clearly identifiable or directly linked to crime against a particular individual. Victims of white-collar crime are often denied their status as victims by the social construction of the concept. The Supreme Court of the United States first recognized the rights of crime victi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theft Of Services
Theft of services is the legal term for a crime which is committed when a person obtains valuable services — as opposed to goods — by deception, force, threat or other unlawful means, i.e., without lawfully compensating the provider for these services. It may also overlap with some types of fraud in which payment is made on credit, but under an assumed identity, and ultimately disavowed ("identity theft"). Types Crimes of this sort are typically prosecuted as larceny, and may be either a misdemeanor or a felony, based upon the value of the services illegally obtained. This category encompasses a wide variety of criminal activity including tampering with (or bypassing) a utility meter so that the true level of consumption is understated, leaving a hotel or restaurant or similar establishment without paying for the service and "Fare evasion, turnstile jumping" or other methods of evading the payment of a fare or fee when using a public transit vehicle or entering a priv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fraud Act 2006
The Fraud Act 2006 (c 35) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which affects England and Wales and Northern Ireland. It was given royal assent on 8 November 2006, and came into effect on 15 January 2007. Purpose The Act gives a statutory definition of the criminal offence of fraud, defining it in three classes - fraud by false representation, fraud by failing to disclose information, and fraud by abuse of position. It provides that a person found guilty of fraud was liable to a fine or imprisonment for up to twelve months on summary conviction (six months in Northern Ireland), or a fine or imprisonment for up to ten years on conviction on indictment. This Act largely replaces the laws relating to obtaining property by deception, obtaining a pecuniary advantage and other offences that were created under the Theft Act 1978. These offences attracted much criticism for their complexity and difficulty in proving at court. Much of the Theft Act 1978 has been repealed, bu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dine And Dash
Dine may refer to: People named Dine Surname * Fiqri Dine (died 1960), Prime Minister of Albania's Quisling government under Nazi Germany and chieftain of the Dine clan from Debar * Jim Dine (born 1935), American pop artist * Nancy Dine (1937–2020), American filmmaker * Spiro Dine (1846–1922), Albanian rilindas, writer and playwright; his most known work "Waves of the Sea" was at the time of its publication the longest book printed in Albanian * S. S. Van Dine (1888–1939), American art critic and author * Thomas Dine, chief executive officer of the Jewish Community Federation of San Francisco, the Peninsula, Marin and Sonoma Counties Given name * Dine Abduramanov (19th-century–1902), known as Dine Abduramana, was a Bulgarian revolutionary, a worker of the Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization (IMARO) Other uses * Diné, name for the Navajo in the Navajo language * Diné College, a community college serving the Navajo Indian Reservation * Di ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
86 (term)
Eighty-six or 86 is American English slang. In the hospitality industry, it is used to indicate that an item is no longer available, traditionally from a food or drinks establishment, or referring to a person or people who are not welcome on the premises. Its etymology is unknown, but the term seems to have been coined in the 1920s or 1930s. Etymology There are many theories about the origin of the term. Possible origins include: * Rhyming slang for nix. * Part of the jargon used by soda jerks. Walter Winchell wrote about this in 1933, in his syndicated ''On Broadway'' column. In this, the code 13 meant that a boss was around, 81 was a glass of water and 86 meant "all out of it". Professor Harold Bentley of Columbia University studied soda jerk jargon and reported other numeric codes such as 95 for a customer leaving without paying. * Author Jef Klein theorized that the bar Chumley's at 86 Bedford Street in the West Village of Lower Manhattan was the source. His book '' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Law Reform Commission (Ireland)
The Law Reform Commission (; also called the Law Reform Commission of Ireland) is law commission which was established in 1975 to examine the law of the Republic of Ireland. Activities The Commission was established on 20 October 1975 under the Law Reform Commission Act 1975. It is an independent body which examines areas of the law and proposes reforms or changes. According to its website, 70% of its proposals have resulted in the enactment of legislation effecting reforms. The website says that the Commission is currently engaged in its Fifth Programme of Law Reform including the Statute Law Revision Programme. Members , the members of the Commission are: * Frank Clarke, president of the Commission, former Chief Justice of Ireland *Richard Barrett, former Deputy Director General of the Office of the Attorney General * Maurice Collins, judge of the Supreme Court *Dr Andrea Mulligan *Supreme Court of Ireland, judge of the High Court Functions Section 4(1) of the Law Refo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Irish Statute Book
The Irish Statute Book, also known as the electronic Irish Statute Book (eISB), is a database produced by the Office of the Attorney General of Ireland. It contains copies of Acts of the Oireachtas and statutory instruments.electronic Irish Statute Book (eISB) . Office of the Attorney General from the original by . It also contains a Legislation Directory which includes chronological tables of pre-1922 legislation. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Summary Conviction
A summary offence or petty offence is a violation in some common law jurisdictions that can be proceeded against summarily, without the right to a jury trial and/or indictment (required for an indictable offence). Canada In Canada, summary offences are referred to as summary conviction offences. As in other jurisdictions, summary conviction offences are considered less serious than indictable offences because they are punishable by shorter prison sentences and smaller fines. These offences appear both in the federal laws of Canada and in the legislation of Canada's provinces and territories. For summary conviction offences that fall under the jurisdiction of the federal government (including all criminal law), section 787 of the Criminal Code specifies that, unless another punishment is provided for by law, the maximum penalty for a summary conviction offence is a sentence of 2 years less a day of imprisonment, a fine of $5,000 or both. As a matter of practical effect, some co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indictment
An indictment ( ) is a formal accusation that a person has committed a crime. In jurisdictions that use the concept of felonies, the most serious criminal offense is a felony; jurisdictions that do not use that concept often use that of an indictable offence, which is an offence that requires an indictment. Australia Section 80 of the Constitution of Australia provides that "the trial on indictment of any offence against any law of the Commonwealth shall be by jury". The High Court of Australia has consistently used a narrow interpretation of this clause, allowing the Parliament of Australia to define which offences proceed on indictment rather than conferring a universal right to a jury trial. Section 4G of the '' Crimes Act 1914'' provides that "offences against a law of the Commonwealth punishable by imprisonment for a period exceeding 12 months are indictable offences, unless the contrary intention appears". Canada A direct indictment is one in which the case is sent dir ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
