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Lorica Hamata
The ''lorica hamata'' (in Latin with normal elision: ) is a type of mail armor used by soldiers for over 600 years (3rd century BC to 4th century AD) from the Roman Republic to the Roman Empire. ''Lorica hamata'' comes from the Latin ''hamatus'' (hooked) from ''hamus'' which means "hook", as the rings hook into one another. Usage Modern historians believe that mail armor was invented by the Celts. Possibly coming from conflicts with the Celts in the 3rd century BC, it was utilized by both legionary and ''auxilia'' troops. The first documented use occurred during the Roman conquest of Hispania. There were several versions of this type of armor, specialized for different military duties such as skirmishers, cavalry, and spearmen. Over its lifetime, the ''lorica hamata'' remained in constant use by legionaries and it was the preferred armor of centurions, who favored its greater coverage and lower maintenance. Constant friction kept the rings of the ''lorica hamata'' free of rust. O ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lorica Hamata
The ''lorica hamata'' (in Latin with normal elision: ) is a type of mail armor used by soldiers for over 600 years (3rd century BC to 4th century AD) from the Roman Republic to the Roman Empire. ''Lorica hamata'' comes from the Latin ''hamatus'' (hooked) from ''hamus'' which means "hook", as the rings hook into one another. Usage Modern historians believe that mail armor was invented by the Celts. Possibly coming from conflicts with the Celts in the 3rd century BC, it was utilized by both legionary and ''auxilia'' troops. The first documented use occurred during the Roman conquest of Hispania. There were several versions of this type of armor, specialized for different military duties such as skirmishers, cavalry, and spearmen. Over its lifetime, the ''lorica hamata'' remained in constant use by legionaries and it was the preferred armor of centurions, who favored its greater coverage and lower maintenance. Constant friction kept the rings of the ''lorica hamata'' free of rust. O ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dominate
The Dominate, also known as the late Roman Empire, is the name sometimes given to the " despotic" later phase of imperial government in the ancient Roman Empire. It followed the earlier period known as the "Principate". Until the empire was reunited in 313, this phase is more often called the Tetrarchy.Menne, I., ''Power and Status in the Roman Empire, AD 193–284'' (2011) p. 21 It may begin with the commencement of the reign of Diocletian in AD 284, following the Third Century Crisis of AD 235–284, and to end in the west with the fall of the Western Roman Empire in AD 476, while in the east its end is disputed, as either occurring at the close of the reign of Justinian I (AD 565) or of Heraclius (AD 641). In form, the Dominate is considered to have been more authoritarian, less collegial and more bureaucratic than the Principate from which it emerged. Etymology The modern term ''dominate'' is derived from the Latin ''dominus'', which translates into English as ''lord'' or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roman Military Personal Equipment
Roman military personal equipment was produced in large numbers to established patterns, and used in an established manner. These standard patterns and uses were called the ''res militaris'' or ''disciplina''. Its regular practice during the Roman Republic and Roman Empire led to military excellence and victory. The equipment gave the Romans a very distinct advantage over their barbarian enemies, especially so in the case of armour. This does not mean that every Roman soldier had better equipment than the richer men among his opponents. According to Edward Luttwak, Roman equipment was not of a better quality than that used by the majority of Rome's adversaries. Other historians and writers have stated that the Roman army's need for large quantities of "mass produced" equipment after the Marian Reforms and subsequent civil wars led to a decline in the quality of Roman equipment compared to the earlier Republican era: Initially, they used weapons based on Greek and Etruscan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lorica Segmentata
The ''lorica segmentata'' (), also called ''lorica lamminata'' (see Lorica segmentata#Name, §Name), is a type of personal armour that was used by soldiers of the Roman army, consisting of Laminar armor, metal strips fashioned into circular bands, fastened to internal leather straps. The ''lorica segmentata'' has come to be viewed as iconic of the Roman legions in popular culture. The tendency to portray Roman Legionary, legionaries clad in this type of armour often extends to periods of time that are too early or too late in history. History Despite the armor being commonly associated with the Romans, it was used by other civilizations before the Romans. The armor was originally used by the Parthian Empire, Parthians and possibly the Dacians, Scythians, or Sarmatians before the Romans used it. Some sets of armor similar to the ''lorica segmentata'' dating back to the 4th century BC have been found in archaeological sites located in the steppe. Although the exact time at which th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lorica Plumata
The ''lorica plumata'' () also known the ''lorica hamata squamatque'' was a set of Roman armor. The name ''lorica plumata'' translates to feathered cuirass. It was named for its a feathered appearance due to the feather-like scales called plumes attached to oval shaped rings. The ''lorica plumata'' was a sleeveless armor with no shoulder guards, that looked like a linothorax. It was possibly reserved exclusively for the use of military leaders of the rank of tribune or above. Typically only generals wore it, due to the high cost of production and maintenance. The ''lorica plumata'' would have been an expensive piece of military equipment. The ''lorica plumata'' was one of the few sets of armor that combined mail and scales.'''' History The ''lorica plumata'' was originally a Sarmatian armor. The earliest reference to the armor was made by the historian Marcus Junianus Justinus. He explains that the armor was used for soldiers, horses. and that it protects the entire bo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Augustus
Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian, was the first Roman emperor; he reigned from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. He is known for being the founder of the Roman Principate, which is the first phase of the Roman Empire, and Augustus is considered one of the greatest leaders in human history. The reign of Augustus initiated an imperial cult as well as an era associated with imperial peace, the '' Pax Romana'' or ''Pax Augusta''. The Roman world was largely free from large-scale conflict for more than two centuries despite continuous wars of imperial expansion on the empire's frontiers and the year-long civil war known as the " Year of the Four Emperors" over the imperial succession. Originally named Gaius Octavius, he was born into an old and wealthy equestrian branch of the plebeian ''gens'' Octavia. His maternal great-uncle Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC, and Octavius was named in C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Rome
The history of Rome includes the history of the city of Rome as well as the civilisation of ancient Rome. Roman history has been influential on the modern world, especially in the history of the Catholic Church, and Roman law has influenced many modern legal systems. Roman history can be divided into the following periods: *Pre-historical and early Rome, covering Rome's earliest inhabitants and the legend of its founding by Romulus *The period of Etruscan dominance and the regal period, in which, according to tradition, Romulus was the first of seven kings *The Roman Republic, which commenced in 509 BCE when kings were replaced with rule by elected magistrates. The period was marked by vast expansion of Roman territory. During the 5th century BCE, Rome gained regional dominance in Latium. With the Punic Wars from 264 to 146 BCE, ancient Rome gained dominance over the Western Mediterranean, displacing Carthage as the dominant regional power. *The Roman Empire followe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pteruges
Pteruges (also spelled pteryges; ) refers to strip-like defences for the upper parts of limbs attached to armor in the Greco-Roman world. Appearance and variation Pteruges formed a defensive skirt of leather or multi-layered fabric (linen) strips or lappets worn dependant from the waists of Roman and Greek cuirasses of warriors and soldiers, defending the hips and thighs. Similar defenses, epaulette-like strips, were worn on the shoulders, protecting the upper arms. Both sets of strips are usually interpreted as belonging to a single garment worn under a cuirass, though in a linen cuirass (''linothorax'') they may have been integral. The cuirass itself could be variously constructed: of plate-bronze (muscle cuirass), ''linothorax'', scale, lamellar or mail. ''Pteruges'' could be arranged as a single row of longer strips or in two or more layers of shorter, overlapping lappets of graduated length. Possible later use During the Middle Ages, especially in the Byzantine Empire and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Linothorax
The linothorax (pronounced ; from the grc, λινοθώραξ ) is a type of upper body armor that was used throughout the ancient Mediterranean world. The term ''linothorax'' is a modern term based on the Greek , which means "wearing a breastplate of linen"; A number of ancient Greek and Latin texts from the 6th century BCE to the third century CE mention () (Greek) or (Latin) which means 'linen body armour.' These are usually equated with some of the armours showed in sculptures and paintings from Italy and Greece from 575 BCE onwards. Very little is known about how ancient linen armour was made. Linen armour in other cultures was usually quilted and stuffed with loose fibre or stitched together many layers thick, but it could also have been made with a special weave called twining which creates a thick, tough fabric. The theory that it was made of layers of linen glued together comes from a mistranslation of a summary of a description of medieval armour in 1869. By the late ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stiffness
Stiffness is the extent to which an object resists deformation in response to an applied force. The complementary concept is flexibility or pliability: the more flexible an object is, the less stiff it is. Calculations The stiffness, k, of a body is a measure of the resistance offered by an elastic body to deformation. For an elastic body with a single degree of freedom (DOF) (for example, stretching or compression of a rod), the stiffness is defined as k = \frac where, * F is the force on the body * \delta is the displacement produced by the force along the same degree of freedom (for instance, the change in length of a stretched spring) In the International System of Units, stiffness is typically measured in newtons per meter (N/m). In Imperial units, stiffness is typically measured in pounds (lbs) per inch. Generally speaking, deflections (or motions) of an infinitesimal element (which is viewed as a point) in an elastic body can occur along multiple DOF (maximum o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bronze
Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12–12.5% tin and often with the addition of other metals (including aluminium, manganese, nickel, or zinc) and sometimes non-metals, such as phosphorus, or metalloids such as arsenic or silicon. These additions produce a range of alloys that may be harder than copper alone, or have other useful properties, such as strength, ductility, or machinability. The archaeological period in which bronze was the hardest metal in widespread use is known as the Bronze Age. The beginning of the Bronze Age in western Eurasia and India is conventionally dated to the mid-4th millennium BCE (~3500 BCE), and to the early 2nd millennium BCE in China; elsewhere it gradually spread across regions. The Bronze Age was followed by the Iron Age starting from about 1300 BCE and reaching most of Eurasia by about 500 BCE, although bronze continued to be much more widely used than it is in modern times. Because historical artworks w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
