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Lonchocarpus
''Lonchocarpus'' is a plant genus in the legume family (biology), family (Fabaceae). The species are called lancepods due to their fruit resembling an ornate lance tip or a few beads on a string. ''Cubé'' resin is produced from the roots of ''Lonchocarpus urucu, L. urucu'' and namely 'Lonchocarpus utilis, L. utilis'' (''cubé''). It contains enough of the toxic rotenoids rotenone and deguelin to be used as an insecticide and piscicide. As these are naturally occurring compounds, they were formerly used in organic farming. Since it is highly unselective and kills useful, as well as pest, animals, it is considered harmful to the environment today. Also, Chronic (medicine), chronic exposure to rotenone and deguelin seems to increase the risk of Parkinson's disease even in mammals, for which these compounds are less Acute (medicine), acutely toxic than for fish and insects. On the other hand, deguelin might be useful in cancer therapy if it can be applied directly into tumors, and ' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Lonchocarpus Species
This is a list of known ''Lonchocarpus'' Kunth species (lancepods), organized in alphabetical order. , a total of 163 species were accepted in Plants of the World Online: References {{Reflist Lonchocarpus, Lists of plant species, Lonchocarpus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lonchocarpus Monilis
''Lonchocarpus'' is a plant genus in the legume family ( Fabaceae). The species are called lancepods due to their fruit resembling an ornate lance tip or a few beads on a string. ''Cubé'' resin is produced from the roots of '' L. urucu'' and namely ' L. utilis'' (''cubé''). It contains enough of the toxic rotenoids rotenone and deguelin to be used as an insecticide and piscicide. As these are naturally occurring compounds, they were formerly used in organic farming. Since it is highly unselective and kills useful, as well as pest, animals, it is considered harmful to the environment today. Also, chronic exposure to rotenone and deguelin seems to increase the risk of Parkinson's disease even in mammals, for which these compounds are less acutely toxic than for fish and insects. On the other hand, deguelin might be useful in cancer therapy if it can be applied directly into tumors, and ''Lonchocarpus'' root is used to a probably insignificant extent by indigenous peoples as an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lonchocarpus Urucu
''Lonchocarpus urucu'', or barbasco, is plant in the family Fabaceae. It is native to the tropical forests of Peru, as well as of Brazil and Guyana, growing from above sea level. It was also recorded in Venezuela. Cubé resin, the root extract from Barbasco and from cubé (''Lonchocarpus utilis''), is used as a commercial insecticide and piscicide (fish poison). The major active ingredients are rotenone and deguelin. Although "organic" (produced by nature), rotenone is no longer considered an environmentally safe chemical. Taxonomic status The taxonomic status as a species with the name Lonchocarpus urucu ist still to be resolved, as it is also considered a variety of Deguelia rufescens: ''Deguelia rufescens var. urucu'' (Killip & A.C.Sm.) A.M.G.Azeved. Toxicity Barbasco is toxic to insects, fish, and other pests. The primary threat to humans and other mammals comes from inhaling the powdered root or root extract. It has been used by the Shuar people of Ecuador and the Nukak p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lonchocarpus Violaceus
''Lonchocarpus violaceus'' is a species of evergreen tree in the family Fabaceae. It is native to the Caribbean and northern South America. It has been introduced to Florida. Its names include lilac tree, greenheart, Spanish ash, and lancepod. According to some sources ''L. violaceus'' was used by the Maya peoples to produce the alcoholic beverage, ''balché ''Balché'' is a mildly intoxicating beverage that was commonly consumed by the ancient Maya in what is now Mexico and upper Central America. Today, it is still common among the Yucatec Maya. The drink is made from the bark of a leguminous tree, ...''. It is likely they are actually referring to '' L. longistylus'' which was once synonymized with ''L. violaceus''. References violaceus Flora of South America Flora of the Caribbean Flora without expected TNC conservation status {{Millettieae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rotenone
Rotenone is an odorless, colorless, crystalline isoflavone used as a broad-spectrum insecticide, piscicide, and pesticide. It occurs naturally in the seeds and stems of several plants, such as the jicama vine plant, and the roots of several members of Fabaceae. It was the first described member of the family of chemical compounds known as rotenoids. Discovery The earliest record of the now-known rotenone-containing plants used for killing leaf-eating caterpillars was in 1848, and for centuries, the same plants were used to poison fish. The active chemical component was first isolated in 1895 by a French botanist, Emmanuel Geoffroy, who called it ''nicouline'', from a specimen of ''Robinia nicou'', now called ''Lonchocarpus nicou'', while traveling in French Guiana. He wrote about this research in his thesis, published in 1895 after his death from a parasitic disease. In 1902 Kazuo Nagai, Japanese chemical engineer of the Government-General of Taiwan, isolated a pure crystalline ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lonchocarpus Utilis
''Deguelia utilis'', syn. ''Lonchocarpus utilis'' (cubé, (common) lancepod or barbasco) is plant species in the family Fabaceae. It is native to the tropical forests of Peru, as well as of Brazil and Guyana, growing from above sea level. Cubé resin, the root extract from cubé and from barbasco ('' Lonchocarpus urucu''), is used as a commercial insecticide and piscicide (fish poison). The major active ingredients are rotenone and deguelin. Although "organic" (produced by nature) rotenone is no longer considered an environmentally safe chemical. Miscellaneous Cubé is toxic to insects, fish, and other pets. The primary threat to humans and other mammals comes from inhaling the powdered root or root extract. See also * Lonchocarpus ''Lonchocarpus'' is a plant genus in the legume family ( Fabaceae). The species are called lancepods due to their fruit resembling an ornate lance tip or a few beads on a string. ''Cubé'' resin is produced from the roots of '' L. urucu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rotenoid
Rotenoids are naturally occurring substances containing a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno ,4-bhromene nucleus. Many have insecticidal activity, such as the prototypical member of the family, rotenone. Rotenoids are related to the isoflavones. Natural occurrences Many plants in the subfamily Faboideae contain rotenoids. Rotenoids can be found in ''Lonchocarpus sp''. Deguelin and tephrosin can be found in ''Tephrosia vogelii''. 6'-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-12a-hydroxydalpanol can be found in the fruits of ''Amorpha fruticosa''. Elliptol, 12-deoxo-12alpha-methoxyelliptone, 6-methoxy-6a,12a-dehydrodeguelin, 6a,12a-dehydrodeguelin, 6-hydroxy-6a,12a-dehydrodeguelin, 6-oxo-6a,12a-dehydrodeguelin and 12a-hydroxyelliptone can be isolated from the twigs of ''Millettia duchesnei''. Deguelin, dehydrodeguelin, rotenol, rotenone, tephrosin and sumatrol can be found in ''Indigofera tinctoria''. 6aα,12aα-12a-hydroxyelliptone can be found in the stems of ''Derris trifoliata''. Amorphol, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Deguelin
Deguelin is a derivative of rotenone. Both are compounds classified as rotenoids of the flavonoid family and are naturally occurring insecticides. They can be produced by extraction from several plant species belonging to three genera of the legume family, Fabaceae: ''Lonchocarpus'', ''Derris'', or ''Tephrosia''. Cubé resin, the root extract from cubé (''Lonchocarpus utilis'') and from barbasco (''Lonchocarpus urucu''), is used as a commercial insecticide and piscicide (fish poison). The major active ingredients are rotenone and deguelin. Although "organic" (produced by nature) cubé resin is no longer considered environmentally safe. Rat pharmacokinetics * Mean residence time (MRT) = 6.98 h * Terminal half-life (t1/2(gamma)) = 9.26 h * Area under the curve (AUC) = 57.3 ng h/ml * Total clearance (Cl) = 4.37 L/h per kg * Apparent volume of distribution (V) = 3.421 L/kg * Volume of distribution at steady-state (Vss) = 30.46 L/kg * Tissue distributions after i.v. (intraveno ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Balché
''Balché'' is a mildly intoxicating beverage that was commonly consumed by the ancient Maya in what is now Mexico and upper Central America. Today, it is still common among the Yucatec Maya. The drink is made from the bark of a leguminous tree, ''Lonchocarpus violaceus'', which is soaked in honey and water, and fermented. A closely related beverage, made from honey produced from the nectar of a species of morning glory ''(Turbina corymbosa)'', is called '' xtabentún''. Ritual enemas and other psychoactive substances were also taken by those who drank balché. According to food writer Sandor Katz, the ancient Maya consumed ''balché'' in enema form to maximize its inebriating effect. After the Maya were conquered by the Spanish, the drink was banned and their orchards were destroyed. Monday, 12 April 2021 See also *Pox *Pulque Pulque (; nci, metoctli), or octli, is an alcoholic beverage made from the fermented sap of the maguey (agave) plant. It is traditional in cent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mead
Mead () is an alcoholic beverage made by fermenting honey mixed with water, and sometimes with added ingredients such as fruits, spices, grains, or hops. The alcoholic content ranges from about 3.5% ABV to more than 20%. The defining characteristic of mead is that the majority of the beverage's fermentable sugar is derived from honey. It may be still, carbonated, or naturally sparkling; dry, semi-sweet, or sweet. The term honey wine is sometimes used as a synonym for mead, although ''wine'' is typically defined to be the product of fermented grapes or certain other fruits, and some cultures have honey wines that are distinct from mead. The honey wine of Hungary, for example, is the fermentation of honey-sweetened pomace of grapes or other fruits. Mead was produced in ancient times throughout Europe, Africa, and Asia, and has played an important role in the mythology of some peoples. In Norse mythology, for example, the Mead of Poetry, crafted from the blood of Kvasir (a wise ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nukak
The Nukak people (also Nukak- Makú) live between the Guaviare and Inírida rivers, in the depths of the tropical humid forest, on the fringe of the Amazon basin, in Guaviare Department, Republic of Colombia. They are nomadic hunter-gatherers with seasonal nomadic patterns and practice small-scale shifting horticulture.Mondragón, Héctor 1994 "La defensa del territorio Nukak" en Antropología y derechos Humanos. Memorias del VI Congreso de Antropología en Colombia. Carlos Vladimir Zambrano editor. Universidad de los Andes, p.p. 139 a 155. Bogotá D.C.- They were classified as "uncontacted people" until 1981, and have since lost half of their population primarily to disease. Part of their territory has been used by coca growers, ranchers, and other settlers, as well as being occupied by guerrillas, army and paramilitaries. Responses to this crisis include protests, requests for assimilation, and the suicide of leader Maw-be'. An estimated 210–250 Nukak people live in pr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread. Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss, and a change in bowel movements. While these symptoms may indicate cancer, they can also have other causes. Over 100 types of cancers affect humans. Tobacco use is the cause of about 22% of cancer deaths. Another 10% are due to obesity, poor diet, lack of physical activity or excessive drinking of alcohol. Other factors include certain infections, exposure to ionizing radiation, and environmental pollutants. In the developing world, 15% of cancers are due to infections such as ''Helicobacter pylori'', hepatitis B, hepatitis C, human papillomavirus infection, Epstein–Barr virus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). These factors act, at least partly, by changing the genes of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
