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Luzūmiyyāt
The ''Luzumiyat'' () is the second collection of poetry by al-Ma'arri, comprising nearly 1600 short poems organised in alphabetical order and observing a novel double-consonant rhyme scheme devised by the poet himself. The work is also known as ''Luzūm mā lā yalzam'' () which is variously translated as Unnecessary Necessity, The Self-Imposed Compulsion or "committing oneself to what is not obligatory"; this title is a reference to the difficult, 'unnecessary', rhyme scheme which al-Ma'arri applied to his work. This self-imposed technical challenge was a parallel to other constraints he adopted in his own life, including veganism and virtual social isolation. The poems were written over a period of many years and bear no individual titles. They were circulated by Al-Ma'arri under the title ''Luzumiyat'' during his lifetime. The poems are known chiefly for the ideas they contain, written in an ironic and, at times, cynical tone. Unlike traditional qasidas, they focus on doubt, un ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Maʿarri By Khalil Gibran (cropped)
Abu al-Ala al-Ma'arri, ,(December 973May 1057), also known by his Latin name Abulola Moarrensis; was an Arab philosopher, poet, and writer from Ma'arrat al-Nu'man, Syria. Because of his irreligious worldview, he is known as one of the "foremost atheists" of his time. Born in the city of al-Ma'arra (present-day Ma'arrat al-Nu'man, Syria) during the later Abbasid dynasty, Abbasid era, he became blind at a young age from smallpox but nonetheless studied in nearby Aleppo, then in Tripoli, Lebanon, Tripoli and Antioch. Producing popular poems in Baghdad, he refused to sell his texts. In 1010, he returned to Syria after his mother began declining in health, and continued writing which gained him local respect. Described as a "Philosophical pessimism, pessimistic freethinker", al-Ma'arri was a controversial rationalist of his time, rejecting superstition and dogmatism. His written works exhibit a fixation on the study of language and its historical development, known as philology.Llo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Al-Ma'arri
Abu al-Ala al-Ma'arri, ,(December 973May 1057), also known by his Latin name Abulola Moarrensis; was an Arab philosopher, poet, and writer from Ma'arrat al-Nu'man, Syria. Because of his irreligious worldview, he is known as one of the "foremost atheists" of his time. Born in the city of al-Ma'arra (present-day Ma'arrat al-Nu'man, Syria) during the later Abbasid era, he became blind at a young age from smallpox but nonetheless studied in nearby Aleppo, then in Tripoli and Antioch. Producing popular poems in Baghdad, he refused to sell his texts. In 1010, he returned to Syria after his mother began declining in health, and continued writing which gained him local respect. Described as a " pessimistic freethinker", al-Ma'arri was a controversial rationalist of his time, rejecting superstition and dogmatism. His written works exhibit a fixation on the study of language and its historical development, known as philology.Lloyd Ridgeon (2003), ''Major World Religions: From The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Risalat Al-Ghufran
(), or ''The Epistle of Forgiveness'', is a satirical work of Arabic poetry written by Abu al-ʿAlaʾ al-Maʿarri around 1033 CE. It has been claimed that the had an influence on Dante Alighieri's ''Divine Comedy''. Context The work is a response to a letter sent to al-Maʿarri by a self-righteous grammarian and traditionist, ʿAlī ibn Manṣūr al-Ḥalabī, known as Ibn al-Qāriḥ. In the words of Suzanne Pinckney Stetkevych: In his epistle, Ibn al-Qāriḥ sanctimoniously flaunts his own learning and orthodoxy by impugning a number of poets and scholars for being s, or heretics. He thereby insinuates a challenge to the religious beliefs of al-Maʿarrī, who expressed in his poetry ideas considered heretical by many. Al-Maʿarrī takes up this challenge in his response, , by presenting a ''tour de force'' of his own extraordinary learning, and further by offering an imaginary and derisive depiction of Ibn al-Qāriḥ in the Islamic afterworld. There, Ibn al-Qāriḥ is r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saqt Az-Zand
''Saqt az-Zand'' (; also transliterated as ''Sikt al-Zand'' and translated as ''The Spark of the Fire Stick'' or ''The Falling Spark of Tinder'') was the first collection of poetry by al-Ma'arri. It consists of seventy-four qasidas amounting to over three thousand lines, written in his youth and early adulthood, before the year 1020. Literary themes, style and language The qasida form was a very common one in Arab poetry and one of its purposes was to serve as a vehicle for the praise of a patron or some other notable man. Al-Maarri’s earlier qasidas conformed to this tone and style, and were also notable for their undertone of Shia values. His work included an elegy on his late father. praise for Sa'd al-Dawla, various notables of Aleppo and librarians of Baghdad. It included his reactions to political events in contemporary Syria. He praised important individuals on all sides of the various conflicts that beset his homeland, including the Fatimid general Bandjutakin. The ''S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ameen Rihani
Ameen Rihani (Amīn Fāris Anṭūn ar-Rīḥānī; / ALA-LC: ''Amīn ar-Rīḥānī''; November 24, 1876 – September 13, 1940) was a Lebanese-American writer, intellectual and political activist. He was also a major figure in the ''mahjar'' literary movement developed by Arab emigrants in North America, and an early theorist of Arab nationalism. He became an American citizen in 1901. Early days Ameen Rihani was born on November 24, 1876, in Freike, in the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate, Rihani was one of six children and the oldest son of a Lebanese Maronite raw silk manufacturer, Fares Rihani. In 1888, his father sent his brother and Ameen to New York City; he followed them a year later. Ameen, then eleven years old, was placed in a school where he learned the rudiments of the English language. His father and uncle, having established themselves as merchants in a small cellar in lower Manhattan, soon felt the need for an assistant who could read and write in English. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alfred Von Kremer
Alfred von Kremer (13 May 1828 in Penzing, Vienna; 27December 1889, Döbling) was an Austrian orientalist and politician. Life Alfred Kremer first studied Philosophy in Vienna, then Jurisprudence. He self-taught Modern Greek, Arabic, Hebrew and Persian and travelled (1849–51) with a scholarship from the Academy of Sciences to Syria and Egypt. On return he received the professorship of vernacular Arabic at the Vienna Polytechnic, a post he surrendered in May 1852 to return to Egypt as the first interpreter of the Austrian Consulate. He received the vice-consulate (1858), consul in Cairo (1859), the consulate in Galaţi (1862), in Beirut (1870), and became ministerial advisor to the consular ministry in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs appointed to Vienna (1872), where he was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences (1876). From May 1876 he lived in Cairo as a member of the Egyptian Government Debt Commission and returned to the Viennese Ministry of Foreign Affairs in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joseph Dacre Carlyle
Rev Joseph Dacre Carlyle FRSE (4 June 1758 – 12 April 1804) was an English orientalist. He gained church preferment and travelled widely. Carlyle worked with Sarah Hodgson to create a version of the Old Testament printed in Arabic. Life Joseph Dacre Carlyle was born in Carlisle, Cumberland, where his father George Carlyle served as a physician. He was educated at Carlisle grammar school, then Kirkby Lonsdale School, before being accepted by Christ's College, Cambridge. He moved shortly to Queens' College. He proceeded B.A. in 1779, and was elected a fellow of Queens', took his M.A, degree in 1783, and B.D. in 1793. During his residence at Cambridge he studied with David Zamio (Europeanised name) from Baghdad. He was appointed Sir Thomas Adams's Professor of Arabic when William Craven resigned in 1796. Meanwhile he had obtained some church preferment at Carlisle, becoming chancellor of the diocese in 1793. In 1792 he published ''Rerum Ægyptiacarum Annales'', translated from ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thomas Van Erpe
Thomas van Erpe, also known as Thomas Erpenius (September 11, 1584November 13, 1624), Dutch Orientalist, was born at Gorinchem, in Holland. He was the first European to publish an accurate book of Arabic grammar. After completing his early education at Leiden, he entered the university of that city, and in 1608 took the degree of master of arts. On the advice of Scaliger he studied Oriental languages whilst taking his course of theology. He afterwards travelled in England, France, Italy and Germany, forming connections with learned men, and availing himself of the information which they communicated. During his stay at Paris he contracted a friendship with Casaubon, which lasted during his life, and also took lessons in Arabic from an Egyptian, Joseph Barbatus, otherwise called Abu-dakni. However, given the limited knowledge Barbatus had in Arabic he later took lessons under the Moroccan diplomat of Andalusian origin Aḥmad ibn Qāsim Al-Ḥajarī who was in France on a mis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
University Of Leiden
Leiden University (abbreviated as ''LEI''; ) is a public research university in Leiden, Netherlands. Established in 1575 by William, Prince of Orange as a Protestant institution, it holds the distinction of being the oldest university in the Netherlands of today. During the Dutch Golden Age scholars from around Europe were attracted to the Dutch Republic for its climate of intellectual tolerance. Individuals such as René Descartes, Rembrandt, Christiaan Huygens, Hugo Grotius, Benedictus Spinoza, and later Baron d'Holbach were active in Leiden and environs. The university has seven academic faculties and over fifty subject departments, housing more than forty national and international research institutes. Its historical primary campus consists of several buildings spread over Leiden, while a second campus located in The Hague houses a liberal arts college ( Leiden University College The Hague) and several of its faculties. It is a member of the Coimbra Group, the Europaeum, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jacobus Golius
Jacob Golius, born Jacob van Gool (1596 – September 28, 1667), was an Orientalist and mathematician based at the Leiden University in the Netherlands. He is primarily remembered as an Orientalist. He published Arabic texts in Arabic at Leiden, and did Arabic-to-Latin translations. His best-known work is an Arabic-to-Latin dictionary, ''Lexicon Arabico-Latinum'' (1653), which he sourced for the most part from the ''Sihah'' dictionary of Al-Jauhari and the ''Qamous'' dictionary of Fairuzabadi. Life Golius was born in The Hague. He went to the University of Leiden in 1612 to study mathematics. In 1618 he registered again to study Arabic and other Eastern languages at Leiden, where he was the most distinguished pupil of Erpenius. In 1622 he accompanied the Dutch embassy to Morocco, and on his return he was chosen to succeed Erpenius as professor of Arabic at Leiden (1625). In the following year he set out on a tour of the Eastern Mediterranean lands, from which he did not return ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
