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Luna (rocket)
The Luna 8K72 vehicles were carrier rockets used by the Soviet Union for nine space probe launch attempts in the Luna programme between 23 September 1958 and 16 April 1960. Like many other Soviet launchers of that era, the Luna 8K72 vehicles were derived from the R-7 Semyorka design, part of the R-7 (rocket family), which was also the basis for the Vostok and modern Soyuz rocket. The 8K72 was the first R-7 variant explicitly designed as a carrier rocket and it incorporated a few features that became standard on all later R-7 carrier rockets including thicker tank walls to support the weight of upper stages and the AVD malfunction detection system, which would terminate engine thrust if the booster's operating parameters (engine performance, electrical power, or flight trajectory) deviated from normal. Launches Luna 8K72 was launched nine times from Baikonur LC-1/5: The first flight of a Luna 8K72 (September 1958), which was to launch the Luna E-1 No.1 probe, ended 92 second ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blok E (R-7)
Blok E (or Block E) is the propulsion unit of Soviet lunar module LK, developed in the 1960s by Yuzhnoye Design Bureau as a part of the human lunar landing program. Blok E was designed to soft land the LK on the surface of the Moon after orbital velocity was cancelled by Blok D. Later the same stage would fire for the second time for the liftoff and ascent from the Moon to rendezvous with the orbiting Soyuz 7K-LOK. Blok E used RD-858 (or 11D411), which has one nozzle and is deeply throttleable (from 2050 kg to 858 kg of thrust), as the primary engine. The backup engine was RD-859 (or 11D412), which has two nozzles. Together, the two engines formed the propulsion system designated 11D410. Both engines burned a mix of unsymmetrical dimethyl hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide. The hypergolic propellant A hypergolic propellant is a rocket propellant combination used in a rocket engine, whose components spontaneously ignite when they come into contact with each other. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vostok (rocket Family)
Vostok (Russian: Восток, translated as "East") was a family of rockets derived from the Soviet R-7 Semyorka ICBM and was designed for the human spaceflight programme. This family of rockets launched the first artificial satellite (Sputnik 1) and the first crewed spacecraft ( Vostok) in human history. It was a subset of the R-7 family of rockets. On March 18, 1980, a Vostok-2M rocket exploded on its launch pad at Plesetsk during a fueling operation, killing 48 people. An investigation into a similarbut avoidedaccident revealed that the substitution of lead-based for tin-based solder in hydrogen peroxide filters allowed the breakdown of the H2O2, thus causing the resultant explosion. Variants The major versions of the rocket were: * Luna 8K72 – used to launch the early Luna spacecraft * Vostok-L 8K72 – Variant of the Luna, used to launch prototype Vostok spacecraft * Vostok-K 8K72K – a refined version of the above. This was the version actually used for human spa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1959 In Spaceflight
Luna 1 was the first spacecraft to leave the gravitational influence of Earth. Also in 1959, Luna 2 was the first spacecraft to reach the surface of another celestial body, impacting the Moon, and Luna 3 returned the first images of the far side of the Moon. Overview Orbital and suborbital launches Deep Space Rendezvous Orbital launch statistics By country By rocket By orbit See also *Timeline of spaceflight This is a timeline of known spaceflights, both crewed and uncrewed, sorted chronologically by launch date. Due to its large size, the timeline has been split into smaller articles, one for each year since 1951. There is a separate list for ... References Footnotes {{Orbital launches in 1959 1959 in spaceflight Spaceflight by year ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1958 In Spaceflight
Explorer 1 was the first American satellite to reach orbit on 31 January 1958. Overview Orbital and Suborbital flights Orbital launch statistics By country By rocket By type and configuration By family By launch site By orbit See also *Timeline of spaceflight This is a timeline of known spaceflights, both crewed and uncrewed, sorted chronologically by launch date. Due to its large size, the timeline has been split into smaller articles, one for each year since 1951. There is a separate list for ... References Footnotes {{Orbital launches in 1958 1958 in spaceflight Spaceflight by year ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Impactor (spacecraft)
A lander is a spacecraft that descends towards, then comes to rest on the surface of an astronomical body other than Earth. In contrast to an impact probe, which makes a hard landing that damages or destroys the probe upon reaching the surface, a lander makes a soft landing (rocketry), soft landing after which the probe remains functional. For bodies with Celestial body atmosphere, atmospheres, the landing occurs after atmospheric reentry, atmospheric entry. In these cases, landers may employ Parachute, parachutes to slow them down enough to maintain a low terminal velocity. In some cases, small landing rockets will be fired just before impact in order to reduce the lander's velocity. Landing may be accomplished by Spacecraft attitude control, controlled descent and set down on Spacecraft lander landing gear, landing gear, with the possible addition of a post-landing attachment mechanism (such as the mechanism used by ''Philae (spacecraft), Philae'') for celestial bodies with lo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Center Of Mass
In physics, the center of mass of a distribution of mass in space (sometimes referred to as the barycenter or balance point) is the unique point at any given time where the weight function, weighted relative position (vector), position of the distributed mass sums to zero. For a rigid body containing its center of mass, this is the point to which a force may be applied to cause a linear acceleration without an angular acceleration. Calculations in mechanics are often simplified when formulated with respect to the center of mass. It is a hypothetical point where the entire mass of an object may be assumed to be concentrated to visualise its motion. In other words, the center of mass is the particle equivalent of a given object for application of Newton's laws of motion. In the case of a single rigid body, the center of mass is fixed in relation to the body, and if the body has uniform density, it will be located at the centroid. The center of mass may be located outside the Phys ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mechanical Resonance
Mechanical resonance is the tendency of a mechanical system to respond at greater amplitude when the frequency of its oscillations matches the system's natural frequency of vibration (its '' resonance frequency'' or ''resonant frequency'') closer than it does other frequencies. It may cause violent swaying motions and potentially catastrophic failure in improperly constructed structures including bridges, buildings and airplanes. This is a phenomenon known as resonance disaster. Avoiding resonance disasters is a major concern in every building, tower and bridge construction project. The Taipei 101 building for instance relies on a 660-ton pendulum—a tuned mass damper—to modify the response at resonance. The structure is also designed to resonate at a frequency which does not typically occur. Buildings in seismic zones are often constructed to take into account the oscillating frequencies of expected ground motion. Engineers designing objects that have engines must ensure t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Luna E-3 No
Luna commonly refers to: * Earth's Moon, named "Luna" in Latin, Spanish and other languages * Luna (goddess), the ancient Roman personification of the Moon * Luna (name), including a list of people and characters with this given name and surname * Luna marble, the ancient Roman term for Carrara marble Luna may also refer to: Places Philippines * Luna, Apayao * Luna, Isabela * Luna, La Union * Luna, San Jose Romania * Luna, Negrești-Oaș town, Satu Mare County * Luna, Cluj * Luna de Jos, Dăbâca Commune, Cluj County * Luna de Sus, Florești, Cluj * Luna River United States * Luna, Arkansas * Luna, Missouri * Luna, Minnesota * Luna, New Mexico * Luna County, New Mexico * Luna Island, in Niagara Falls, New York * Luna Lake (Arizona), a natural body of water * Luna Pier, Michigan, a city Other places * Luna (Etruria), a city in ancient Etruria (now Italy) destroyed by the Arabs in 1016 * , tributary of Órbigo * Luna, Aragon, Spain * Luna, Rajasthan, India * Luna forest, on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Luna 3
Luna 3, or E-2A No.1 (), was a Soviet spacecraft launched in 1959 as part of the Luna programme. It was the first mission to photograph the far side of the Moon and the third Soviet space probe to be sent to the neighborhood of the Moon. The historic, never-before-seen views of the far side of the Moon caused excitement and interest when they were published around the world, and a tentative ''Atlas of the Far Side of the Moon'' was created from the pictures. These views showed mountainous terrain, very different from the near side, and only two dark, low-lying regions, which were named Mare Moscoviense (Sea of Moscow) and Mare Desiderii (Sea of Desire). Mare Desiderii was later found to be composed of a smaller mare, Mare Ingenii (Sea of Cleverness), and several other dark craters. The reason for this difference between the two sides of the Moon is still not fully understood, but it seems that most of the dark lavas that flowed out to produce the maria formed under the Eart ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Luna 2
''Luna 2'' (), originally named the Second Soviet Cosmic Rocket and nicknamed Lunik 2 in contemporaneous media, was the sixth of the Soviet Union's Luna programme spacecraft launched to the Moon, E-1 No.7. It was the first spacecraft Moon landing, to touch the surface of the Moon, and the first human-made object to make contact with another celestial body. The spacecraft was launched on 12 September 1959 by the Luna (rocket), Luna 8K72 s/n I1-7B rocket. It followed a direct ascent, direct path to the Moon. In addition to the radio transmitters sending telemetry information back to Earth, the spacecraft released a sodium vapour cloud so the spacecraft's movement could be visually observed. On 13 September 1959, it impacted the Moon's surface east of Mare Imbrium near the craters Aristides, Archimedes (crater), Archimedes, and Autolycus (crater), Autolycus. Prior to impact, two sphere-shaped pennants with USSR and the launch date engraved in Cyrillic were detonated, sending penta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Luna E-1A No
Luna commonly refers to: * Earth's Moon, named "Luna" in Latin, Spanish and other languages * Luna (goddess), the ancient Roman personification of the Moon * Luna (name), including a list of people and characters with this given name and surname * Luna marble, the ancient Roman term for Carrara marble Luna may also refer to: Places Philippines * Luna, Apayao * Luna, Isabela * Luna, La Union * Luna, San Jose Romania * Luna, Negrești-Oaș town, Satu Mare County * Luna, Cluj * Luna de Jos, Dăbâca Commune, Cluj County * Luna de Sus, Florești, Cluj * Luna River United States * Luna, Arkansas * Luna, Missouri * Luna, Minnesota * Luna, New Mexico * Luna County, New Mexico * Luna Island, in Niagara Falls, New York * Luna Lake (Arizona), a natural body of water * Luna Pier, Michigan, a city Other places * Luna (Etruria), a city in ancient Etruria (now Italy) destroyed by the Arabs in 1016 * , tributary of Órbigo * Luna, Aragon, Spain * Luna, Rajasthan, India * Luna forest, on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Luna 1
''Luna 1'', also known as ''Mechta'' ( , ''Literal translation, lit.'': ''Dream''), ''E-1 No.4'' and ''First Lunar Rover'', was the first spacecraft to reach the vicinity of Earth's Moon, the first spacecraft to leave Earth's orbit, and the first to be placed in heliocentric orbit. Intended as a Moon impactor, ''Luna 1'' was launched as part of the Soviet Union, Soviet Luna programme in 1959. A malfunction in the ground-based control system caused an error in the upper stage rocket's burn time, and the spacecraft missed the Moon by 5,900 km (more than three times the Moon's radius). ''Luna 1'' became the first human-made object to reach heliocentric orbit and was dubbed "Artificial Planet 1" and renamed ''Mechta'' (''Dream''). ''Luna 1'' was also referred to as the "First Cosmic Ship", in reference to its achievement of Earth escape velocity. Spacecraft The satellite and rocket carrying ''Luna 1'' was originally referred to as the Soviet Space Rocket by the Soviet Press. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
