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Luiseño People
The Luiseño or Payómkawichum are an Indigenous people of California who, at the time of the first contacts with the Spanish in the 16th century, inhabited the coastal area of southern California, ranging from the present-day southern part of Los Angeles County to the northern part of San Diego County, and inland . In the Luiseño language, the people call themselves ''Payómkawichum'' (also spelled Payómkowishum), meaning "People of the West." After the establishment of Mission San Luis Rey de Francia (The Mission of Saint Louis King of France), "the Payómkawichum began to be called San Luiseños, and later, just Luiseños by Spanish missionaries due to their proximity to this San Luis Rey mission. Today there are six federally recognized tribes of Luiseño bands based in southern California, all with reservations. Another organized band is not federally recognized. History Pre-colonization The Payómkawichum were successful in utilizing a number of natural resources ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pablo Tac
Pablo Tac (c. 1822–1841) was a Luiseño people, Luiseño (''Quechnajuichom'' also spelled "Qéchngawichum") Amerindian, Indian and indigenous scholar who provided a rare contemporary Native Americans in the United States, Native American perspective on the institutions and early history of Alta California. He created the first writing system for Luiseño,Haas, p. 3 and his work is the "only primary source of Luiseño language written by a Luiseño until the twentieth century." Life Tac was born of Luiseño parents at Mission San Luis Rey de Francia and attended the Mission school. A promising student, he (along with another boy) was singled out by the Franciscan missionary, Father Antonio Peyrí, to accompany Peyrí when he left California in 1832. "On January 15, 1834, Father Peyrí, Pablo, and Agapito left San Fernando College [Mexico City] and in February boarded a ship for Europe. They travelled via New York and France, arriving in Barcelona, Spain, on June 21. The 'New' Wo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Unrecognized Tribes In The United States
These organizations, located within the United States, self-identify as Native American tribes, heritage groups, or descendant communities, but they are not federally recognized or state-recognized as Native American tribes. The U.S. Governmental Accountability Office states: "Non-federally recognized tribes fall into two distinct categories: (1) state-recognized tribes that are not also federally recognized and (2) other groups that self-identify as Indian tribes but are neither federally nor state recognized." The following list includes the latter. For organizations that are recognized by the government of the United States as Native American tribes and tribal nations, see List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States and List of Alaska Native tribal entities. For groups that are recognized by state governments as Native American tribes, see State-recognized tribes in the United States. Many of these organizations are not accepted as being Native Ameri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pauma Band Of Luiseno Mission Indians
The Pauma Band of Luiseño Mission Indians of the Pauma and Yuima Reservation is a federally recognized tribe of Luiseño Indians in San Diego County, California. A total of five other federally recognized tribes of Luiseño are located in southern California. Government The Pauma Band is headquartered in Pauma Valley, California. The tribe is governed by a democratically elected tribal council. As of May 2024, the current tribal council is as follows: * Tribal Chairman: Temet A. Aguilar *Vice Chairman: Sophia Salgado *Secretary: Patricia A. Dixon *Treasurer: Jenna Aguilar Linton *Member at Large: Martina Garcia Reservation The Pauma and Yuima Reservation (), also known as the Pauma Indian Reservation, is a federal Indian reservation located in the northeastern corner of San Diego County. The reservation is in size. The Pauma and Yuima Reservation was established in 1872. The main Pauma reservation and tribal headquarters are located in the Pauma Valley below Palomar Mou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rancho Pauma
Rancho Pauma was a Mexican land grant in present-day Pauma Valley, in San Diego County, California, given in 1844 by Governor Manuel Micheltorena to José Antonio Serrano, Blas Aguilar, and José Antonio Aguilar. The grant extended along the San Luis Rey River west of the Palomar Mountains and southeast of the San Antonio de Pala Asistencia. History The three square league grant was made to three brothers-in-law. Jose Antonio Serrano was the son of Leandro Serrano, grantee of Rancho Temescal. In 1838, José Serrano married Rafaela, daughter of Rosario E. Aguilar, majordomo of San Diego Mission. Blas Aguilar (1811-1885), son of Rosario E. Aguilar, was majordomo at Temecula in 1834, and alcalde of San Juan Capistrano in 1848. With the cession of California to the United States following the Mexican-American War, the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo provided that the land grants would be honored. As required by the Land Act of 1851, a claim for Rancho Pauma was filed wit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of San Pasqual
The Battle of San Pasqual, also spelled San Pascual, was a military encounter that occurred during the Mexican–American War in what is now the San Pasqual Valley, San Diego, California, San Pasqual Valley community in the county of San Diego, California. The series of military skirmishes ended with both sides claiming victory, and the victor of the battle is still debated. On December 6 and 7, 1846, General Stephen W. Kearny's US Army of the West (1846), Army of the West, along with a small detachment of the California Battalion led by Archibald H. Gillespie, engaged a small contingent of Californios and their Presidial Lancers Los Galgos (The Greyhounds), led by Major Andrés Pico. After U.S. reinforcements arrived, Kearny's troops were able to reach San Diego. Background Following a clash of U.S. forces with Mexican forces near the Rio Grande, Colonel Stephen Watts Kearny was promoted to a Brigadier general (United States), brigadier general and tasked with multiple objectiv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Californios
Californios (singular Californio) are Californians of Spaniards, Spanish descent, especially those descended from settlers of the 17th through 19th centuries before California was annexed by the United States. California's Spanish language in California, Spanish-speaking community has resided there since 1683. Alongside the Tejanos of Texas and Hispanos of New Mexico, Nuevomexicanos of New Mexico and Colorado, Californios are part of the larger group of descendants of Spaniards in the United States, which has inhabited the American Southwest and the U.S. West Coast, West Coast since the 16th century. The term ''Californio'' (historical, regional Spanish for 'Californian') was originally applied by and to the Spanish-speaking residents of ''Las Californias'' during the periods of Spanish California and Mexican California, between 1683 and 1848. The first Californios were the children of the early Spanish colonization of the Americas, Spanish military expeditions into northern rea ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mexican War Of Independence
The Mexican War of Independence (, 16 September 1810 – 27 September 1821) was an armed conflict and political process resulting in Mexico's independence from the Spanish Empire. It was not a single, coherent event, but local and regional struggles that occurred within the same period, and can be considered a List of wars of independence, revolutionary civil war. It culminated with the drafting of the Declaration of Independence (Mexico), Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire in Mexico City on September 28, 1821, following the collapse of royal government and the military triumph of forces for independence. Mexican independence from Spain was not an inevitable outcome of the relationship between the Spanish Empire and its most valuable overseas possession, but events in Spain had a direct impact on the outbreak of the armed insurgency in 1810 and the course of warfare through the end of the conflict. Napoleon, Napoleon Bonaparte's Peninsular War, invasion of Spa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
First Mexican Empire
The Mexican Empire (, ) was a constitutional monarchy and the first independent government of Mexico. It was also the only former viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire to establish a monarchy after gaining independence. The empire existed from 1821 to 1823, making it one of the few modern-era independent monarchies in the Americas. To distinguish it from the later Second Mexican Empire (1864–1867) under Emperor Maximilian, this historical period is commonly referred to as the First Mexican Empire. The empire was led by former Royal Spanish military officer Agustín de Iturbide, who ruled as Agustín I. The establishment of a monarchy was the initial goal for an independent Mexico, as outlined in the Plan of Iguala, a political document drafted by Iturbide that unified the forces fighting for independence from Spain. Following the signing of the Treaty of Córdoba by the last Spanish viceroy in September 1821, the plan for a Mexican monarchy advanced. Iturbide's popularit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spanish Missions In California
The Spanish missions in California () formed a List of Spanish missions in California, series of 21 religious outposts or missions established between 1769 and 1833 in what is now the U.S. state of California. The missions were established by Catholic priests of the Franciscan order to evangelism, evangelize Indigenous peoples of California, indigenous peoples backed by the military force of the Spanish Empire. The missions were part of the expansion and settlement of New Spain through the formation of Alta California, expanding the empire into the most northern and western parts of Spanish North America. Civilian settlers and soldiers accompanied missionaries and formed settlements like the Pueblo de Los Ángeles. Indigenous peoples of California, Indigenous peoples were forced into settlements called reductions, disrupting their traditional way of life and negatively affecting as many as one thousand villages. European diseases spread in the close quarters of the missions, ca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oceanside, California
Oceanside is a beach city in the North County (San Diego area), North County area of San Diego County, California, United States. The city had a population of 174,068 at the 2020 United States census, making it the most populous city in the North County region of San Diego. The city is a popular tourist destination, owing to its historic landmarks, beaches, and architecture. Oceanside's origins date to 1798, when the Spanish founded the village of San Luis Rey, Oceanside, California, San Luis Rey with the establishment of Mission San Luis Rey de Francia by Fermín de Lasuén. During the Spanish period, Mission San Luis Rey grew to be the largest of all the Spanish missions in California, Californian missions, but following the Mexican secularization act of 1833 the mission and its community declined. Following the Conquest of California, U.S. conquest of California, the former mission lands were developed into an oceanfront resort and the community's name gradually changed to Oce ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fermin Lasuen
Fermin (also Firmin, from Latin ''Firminus''; Spanish ''Fermín'') was a holy man and martyr, traditionally venerated as the co-patron saint of Navarre, Spain. He was born in the mid 3rd century, so his death may be associated with the Diocletianic Persecution (303).Roger Collins, ''The Basques'' (Blackwell, 1986), p. 61: "In this tale there exists not an iota of truth". Although he is said to have lived in the third century, the first texts we have about saint Fermin date back to the ninth century. It may originate in the diocese of Toulouse, which endeavoured to spread the devotion to Saint Fermin. His tombstone is one of the elements that helped to convey his memory. According to the legend, a senator from Pamplona named Firmus was converted to Christianity by Honestus and persuaded Saturninus to come to Pamplona to baptise him. There the bishop preached to large crowds and baptised some 40,000 people over three days. Firmus's son, Firminus (Fermin), was entrusted to Honest ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mission San Luis Rey De Francia
Mission San Luis Rey de Francia () is a former Spanish mission in San Luis Rey, a neighborhood in Oceanside, California. This Mission lent its name to the Luiseño tribe of Mission Indians. At its prime, Mission San Luis Rey's structures and services compound covered almost , making it the largest of the Californian missions, along with its surrounding agricultural land. Multiple outposts were built in support of Mission San Luis Rey and placed under its supervision, including the San Antonio de Pala Asistencia in 1816 and the Las Flores Estancia in 1823. Spanish era The full name of the mission is ''La Misión de San Luis, Rey de Francia'' (The Mission of Saint Louis, King of France). It was named for King Louis IX of France. Its nickname is "King of the Missions". It was founded by padre Fermín Lasuén on June 12, 1798, the eighteenth of the twenty-one Spanish missions built in the Alta California Province of the Viceroyalty of New Spain.Yenne, p. 156 In 1800, Miss ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
