|
Location Area Identity
In mobile networks, location area identity (LAI) is a unique identifier assigned to each location area of a public land mobile network (PLMN). Overview This internationally unique identifier is used for location updating of mobile subscribers. It is composed of a three decimal digit mobile country code (MCC), a two to three digit mobile network code (MNC) that identifies a Subscriber Module Public Land Mobile Network (SM PLMN) in that country, and a location area code (LAC) which is a 16 bit number with two special values, thereby allowing 65534 location areas within one GSM PLMN. Broadcast The LAI is broadcast regularly through a broadcast control channel (BCCH). A mobile station (e.g. cell phone) recognizes the LAI and stores it in the subscriber identity module, SIM Card. If the mobile station is moving and notices a change of LAI, it will issue a location update request, thereby informing the mobile provider of its new LAI. This allows the provider to locate the mobile statio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mobile Network
A cellular network or mobile network is a telecommunications network where the link to and from end nodes is wireless and the network is distributed over land areas called ''cells'', each served by at least one fixed-location transceiver (such as a base station). These base stations provide the cell with the network coverage which can be used for transmission of voice, data, and other types of content via radio waves. Each cell's coverage area is determined by factors such as the power of the transceiver, the terrain, and the frequency band being used. A cell typically uses a different set of frequencies from neighboring cells, to avoid interference and provide guaranteed service quality within each cell. When joined together, these cells provide radio coverage over a wide geographic area. This enables numerous devices, including mobile phones, tablets, laptops equipped with mobile broadband modems, and wearable devices such as smartwatches, to communicate with each other a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Unique Identifier
A unique identifier (UID) is an identifier that is guaranteed to be unique among all identifiers used for those objects and for a specific purpose. The concept was formalized early in the development of computer science and information systems. In general, it was associated with an atomic data type. In relational databases, certain attributes of an entity that serve as unique identifiers are called '' primary keys''. In mathematics, set theory uses the concept of '' element indices'' as unique identifiers. Classification There are some main types of unique identifiers, each corresponding to a different generation strategy: # serial numbers, assigned incrementally or sequentially, by a central authority or accepted reference. # random numbers, selected from a number space much larger than the maximum (or expected) number of objects to be identified. Although not really unique, some identifiers of this type may be appropriate for identifying objects in many practical applica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Public Land Mobile Network
In telecommunication, a public land mobile network (PLMN) is a combination of wireless communication services offered by a specific operator in a specific country. A PLMN typically consists of several cellular technologies like GSM/2G, UMTS/3G, LTE (telecommunication), LTE/LTE (telecommunication), 4G, NR/5G, offered by a single operator within a given country, often referred to as a cellular network. PLMN code A PLMN is identified by a globally unique PLMN code, which consists of a Mobile Country Code, MCC (Mobile Country Code) and MNC (Mobile Network Code). Hence, it is a five- to six-digit number identifying a country, and a mobile network operator in that country, usually represented in the form 001-01 or 001–001. A PLMN is part of a: * Location Area Identity, Location Area Identity (LAI) (PLMN and Location Area Code) * Cell Global Identity, Cell Global Identity (CGI) (LAI and Cell Identifier) * International Mobile Subscriber Identity, IMSI (see #PLMN code and IMSI, PLMN c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mobile Country Code
The ITU-T Recommendation E.212 defines mobile country codes (MCC) as well as mobile network codes (MNC). The mobile country code consists of three decimal digits and the mobile network code consists of two or three decimal digits (for example: MNC of 001 is not the same as MNC of 01). The first digit of the mobile country code identifies the geographic region as follows (the digits 1 and 8 are not used): * 0: #Test networks, Test networks * 2: List of mobile network operators of Europe, Europe * 3: List of mobile network operators of the Americas, North America and the Caribbean * 4: List of mobile network operators of the Asia Pacific region, Asia and the List of mobile network operators of the Middle East and Africa, Middle East * 5: List of mobile network operators of the Asia Pacific region, Australia and Oceania * 6: List of mobile network operators of the Middle East and Africa, Africa * 7: List of mobile network operators of the Americas, South and Central America * 9: Wor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Location Area Code
Mobility management is one of the major functions of a GSM or a UMTS network that allows mobile phones to work. The aim of mobility management is to track where the subscribers are, allowing calls, SMS and other mobile phone services to be delivered to them. Location update procedure A GSM or UMTS network, like all cellular networks, is basically a radio network of individual cells, known as base stations. Each base station covers a small geographical area which is part of a uniquely identified location area. By integrating the coverage of each of these base stations, a cellular network provides a radio coverage over a much wider area. For GSM, a base station is called a base transceiver station (BTS), and for UMTS it is called a Node B. A group of base stations is named a location area, or a routing area. The location update procedure allows a mobile device to inform the cellular network whenever it moves from one location area to the next. Mobiles are responsible for detecti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Broadcast Control Channel
A broadcast control channel (BCCH) is a point to multipoint, unidirectional (downlink) channel used in the Um interface of the GSM cellular standard. The BCCH carries a repeating pattern of system information messages that describe the identity, configuration and available features of the base transceiver station A base transceiver station (BTS) or a baseband unit (BBU) is a piece of equipment that facilitates wireless communication between user equipment (UE) and a network. UEs are devices like mobile phone A mobile phone or cell phone is a portab ... (BTS). These messages also provide a list of absolute radio-frequency channel numbers (ARFCNs) used by neighboring BTSs. This message pattern is synchronized to the BTS frame clock. The minimum BCCH message set is system information messages 2–4, although other messages are normally present. The messages themselves are described in 3GPP Technical Specification 44.018. Any GSM ARFCN that includes a BCCH is designated as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mobile Station
A mobile station (MS) comprises all user equipment and software needed for communication with a mobile network. The term refers to the global system connected to the mobile network, i.e. a mobile phone or mobile computer connected using a mobile broadband adapter. This is the terminology of 2G systems like GSM. In 3G systems, a mobile station (MS) is now referred to as user equipment (UE). In GSM, a mobile station consists of four main components: * Mobile termination (MT) - offers common functions such as: radio transmission and handover, speech encoding and decoding, error detection and correction, signalling and access to the SIM. The IMEI code is attached to the MT. It is equivalent to the network termination of an ISDN access. * Terminal equipment (TE) - is any device connected to the MS offering services to the user. It does not contain any functions specific to GSM. * Terminal adapter (TA) - provides access to the MT as if it were an ISDN network termination ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Subscriber Identity Module
A typical SIM card (mini-SIM with micro-SIM cutout)A SIM card or SIM (subscriber identity module) is an integrated circuit (IC) intended to securely store an international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) number and its related key, which are used to identify and authenticate subscribers on mobile telephone devices (such as mobile phones, tablets, and laptops). SIMs are also able to store address book contacts information, and may be protected using a PIN code to prevent unauthorized use. SIMs are always used on GSM phones; for CDMA phones, they are needed only for LTE-capable handsets. SIM cards are also used in various satellite phones, smart watches, computers, or cameras. The first SIM cards were the size of credit and bank cards; sizes were reduced several times over the years, usually keeping electrical contacts the same, to fit smaller-sized devices. SIMs are transferable between different mobile devices by removing the card itself. Technically, the actual physic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mobility Management
Mobility management is one of the major functions of a GSM or a UMTS network that allows mobile phones to work. The aim of mobility management is to track where the subscribers are, allowing calls, SMS and other mobile phone services to be delivered to them. Location update procedure A GSM or UMTS network, like all cellular networks, is basically a radio network of individual cells, known as base stations. Each base station covers a small geographical area which is part of a uniquely identified location area. By integrating the coverage of each of these base stations, a cellular network provides a radio coverage over a much wider area. For GSM, a base station is called a base transceiver station (BTS), and for UMTS it is called a Node B. A group of base stations is named a location area, or a routing area. The location update procedure allows a mobile device to inform the cellular network whenever it moves from one location area to the next. Mobiles are responsible for dete ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GPRS Roaming Exchange
A GPRS roaming exchange (GRX) acts as a hub for General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) connections from roaming users, removing the need for a dedicated link between each GPRS service provider. It was developed to facilitate a more efficient way for operators to interconnect networks, and played a large part in the transition to third-generation systems. Development Initially GPRS roaming was based on complicated relationships between individual operators with each operator requiring a dedicated link to each different partner so that \tfrac , whereby N is the number of global operators that would require a dedicated link. This meant that mobile subscribers who wanted to use GPRS whilst roaming could only do so if their operator had a direct agreement with the operator in the country or area in which they were roaming. In 2000 the GSMA (GSM Association) developed the idea of GRX to handle all roaming between public land mobile networks (PLMNs). Technical implementation Usually, GRX ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
GSM Standard
The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is a family of standards to describe the protocols for second-generation ( 2G) digital cellular networks, as used by mobile devices such as mobile phones and mobile broadband modems. GSM is also a trade mark owned by the GSM Association. "GSM" may also refer to the voice codec initially used in GSM. 2G networks developed as a replacement for first generation ( 1G) analog cellular networks. The original GSM standard, which was developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI), originally described a digital, circuit-switched network optimized for full duplex voice telephony, employing time division multiple access (TDMA) between stations. This expanded over time to include data communications, first by circuit-switched transport, then by packet data transport via its upgraded standards, GPRS and then EDGE. GSM exists in various versions based on the frequency bands used. GSM was first implemented in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
