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List Of Mais Of Kanem–Bornu
The ''mai'' (sometimes translated as king or emperor) was the monarch of the Kanem–Bornu Empire from its foundation 700 until the ''mai''s were replaced as rulers by the List of shehus of Bornu, ''shehu''s in the mid-19th century. The line of ''mai''s is largely reconstructed through the ''girgam'', the empire's royal chronicle. The ''girgam'' was preserved through oral tradition before transcriptions by European scholars in the mid-19th century. The ''girgam'' is not entirely reliable since it was preserved orally and contains some contradictions between different versions. There is however a large degree of agreement across different versions of the ''girgam'' as to the names of rulers and the lengths of their reigns. Because the slightly different versions of the ''girgam'' and a lack of precise dates, names and lengths of reign assigned to the ''mai''s may differ in different sources. For the sake of comparison, this list includes dates from different authors for each ruler. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
King
King is a royal title given to a male monarch. A king is an Absolute monarchy, absolute monarch if he holds unrestricted Government, governmental power or exercises full sovereignty over a nation. Conversely, he is a Constitutional monarchy, constitutional monarch if his power is restrained by fixed laws. Kings are Hereditary monarchy, hereditary monarchs when they inherit power by birthright and Elective monarchy, elective monarchs when chosen to ascend the throne. *In the context of prehistory, antiquity and contemporary indigenous peoples, the title may refer to tribal kingship. Germanic kingship is cognate with Indo-European languages, Indo-European traditions of tribal rulership (cf. Indic ''rājan'', Gothic ''reiks'', and Old Irish ''rí'', etc.). *In the context of classical antiquity, king may translate in Latin as ''rex (king), rex'' and in Greek as ''archon'' or ''basileus''. *In classical European feudalism, the title of ''king'' as the ruler of a ''kingdom'' is und ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bir I Othman
Bir I Othman (ʿUthmān Biri bin Dunama) was the '' mai'' of the Kanem–Bornu Empire in 1150/1151–1174/1176. Life Bir was the son of Dunama I Umemi and Fasama. He succeeded his father as ''mai'' in 1150/1151, after Dunama was killed in Egypt. In his early reign, Bir was under the influence of his mother Fasama, whose power was apparently so great that she at one point had him imprisoned. He was remembered in later chronicles as a very learned man. Bir's consort was named Zainab and was of Toubou The Toubou or Tubu (from Old Tebu, meaning "rock people") are an ethnic group native to the Tibesti Mountains that inhabit the central Sahara in northern Chad, southern Libya, northeastern Niger, and northwestern Sudan. They live either as her ... origin. They had at least one son together, Abdullah I Bikur, who succeeded Bir as ''mai'' in 1174/1176. References Rulers of the Kanem Empire 12th-century monarchs in Africa {{Africa-royal-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Wau River
The Wau River, or Wau Nahr (sometimes spelled Waw or Wow), is a river in South Sudan. It shares its name with Wau, the state capital of Western Bahr el Ghazal, where the river is located east of the international border with the Central African Republic. See also * List of rivers of South Sudan This is a list of streams and rivers in South Sudan, arranged geographically by drainage basin. There is an alphabetic list at the end of this article. The list may not be comprehensive. The hydrology of the eastern part of South Sudan is compl ... External linksWau River Rivers of South Sudan Bahr el Ghazal Western Bahr el Ghazal {{SouthSudan-river-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ibrahim I Nikale
Ibrahim I Nikale (Ibrāhīm Nikale bin Biri) was the '' mai'' of the Kanem–Bornu Empire in 1290–1311. Life Ibrahim Nikale was the son of Kashim Bir and Kagudi. He was a grandson of Dunama II Dabbalemi. Ibrahim succeeded his uncle Dirke Kelem as ''mai'' in 1290, after the sons of Dunama II had been engaged in a succession conflict and reigned in quick succession. Ibrahim became embroiled in succession conflicts of his own. He had at least two consorts, Hafsa and Fatima, and several sons. Ibrahim had one of his own sons killed, probably because this son had revolted against him. Ibrahim at some point made a pilgrimage to Mecca. Ibrahim was murdered by a man named Yerama Muhammad in 1311, and his body was thrown in the Wau River. He was succeeded as ''mai'' by his cousin Abdullah II Abdullah II (Abdullah bin Hussein; born 30 January 1962) is King of Jordan, having ascended the throne on 7 February 1999. He is a member of the Hashemites, who have been the reigning royal fa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dirke Kelem
Dirke Kelem (Dirke Kelem bin Dunama) was '' mai'' of the Kanem–Bornu Empire The Kanem–Bornu Empire was an empire based around Lake Chad that once ruled areas which are now part of Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon, Libya, Algeria, Sudan, and Chad. The empire was sustained by the prosperous trans-Saharan trade and was one of the ... at some point between 1259 and 1290, in a period of succession conflict between the sons of Dunama II Dabbalemi. Dirke Kelem was a son of Dunama II and an unknown consort. Dirke Kelem was preceded as ''mai'' by Jalil or Bir II Ibrahim, and succeeded by Ibrahim I Nikale. References Rulers of the Kanem Empire 13th-century monarchs in Africa {{Africa-royal-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jalil Of Kanem
Jalil (Jalīl bin Dunama), also called Djilil and Jil, was '' mai'' of the Kanem–Bornu Empire The Kanem–Bornu Empire was an empire based around Lake Chad that once ruled areas which are now part of Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon, Libya, Algeria, Sudan, and Chad. The empire was sustained by the prosperous trans-Saharan trade and was one of the ... at some point between 1259 and 1290, in a period of succession conflict between the sons of Dunama II Dabbalemi. Jalil was a son of Dunama II and an unknown consort. Jalil was preceded as ''mai'' by Kashim Bir or Bir II Ibrahim, and succeeded by Bir II Ibrahim or Dirke Kelem. References Rulers of the Kanem Empire 13th-century monarchs in Africa {{Africa-royal-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bir II Ibrahim
Bir II Ibrahim (Biri Ibrāhīm bin Dunama) was '' mai'' of the Kanem–Bornu Empire at some point between 1259 and 1290, in a period of succession conflict between the sons of Dunama II Dabbalemi. Bir was a son of Dunama II and his consort Zainab. Bir was preceded as ''mai'' by Jalil or Kashim Bir, and succeeded by Jalil or Dirke Kelem Dirke Kelem (Dirke Kelem bin Dunama) was '' mai'' of the Kanem–Bornu Empire The Kanem–Bornu Empire was an empire based around Lake Chad that once ruled areas which are now part of Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon, Libya, Algeria, Sudan, and Chad. Th .... Bir was remembered as "a conqueror", though it is unclear what lands he conquered. References Rulers of the Kanem Empire 13th-century monarchs in Africa {{Africa-royal-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kashim Bir
Kashim Bir (Kashim Biri bin Dunama), also called Bir and Othman, was '' mai'' of the Kanem–Bornu Empire The Kanem–Bornu Empire was an empire based around Lake Chad that once ruled areas which are now part of Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon, Libya, Algeria, Sudan, and Chad. The empire was sustained by the prosperous trans-Saharan trade and was one of the ... at some point between 1259 and 1290, in a period of succession conflict between the sons of Dunama II Dabbalemi. Kashim Bir was a son of Dunama II and his consort Zainab. Kashim Bir succeeded his brother Kade I as ''mai'', and was himself succeeded by either Jalil or Bir II Ibrahim. Bosworth (1996) considers Kashim Bir and Bir II Ibrahim to be the same figure whereas Cohen (1966) and Stewart (1989) separate the two. Kashim Bir's consort was named Kagudi. They had at least one son together, Ibrahim I Nikale, who would later claim the Kanem–Bornu throne. References Rulers of the Kanem Empire 13th-century monarchs in Af ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kade I
Kade I (Kade bin Dunama) was '' mai'' of the Kanem–Bornu Empire at some point between 1259 and 1290, in a period of succession conflict between the sons of Dunama II Dabbalemi. Kade was a son of Dunama II and his consort Matala, and was Dunama's initial successor. The only event recorded of Kade's reign is that he was murdered by a man named Andakama Dunama. He was succeeded as ''mai'' by his brother Kashim Bir. Kade's consort was named Fatima. They had at least one son together, Abdullah II Abdullah II (Abdullah bin Hussein; born 30 January 1962) is King of Jordan, having ascended the throne on 7 February 1999. He is a member of the Hashemites, who have been the reigning royal family of Jordan since 1921, and is traditionally reg ..., who would later claim the Kanem–Bornu throne. References Rulers of the Kanem Empire 13th-century monarchs in Africa {{Africa-royal-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
North Africa
North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region. However, it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of the Western Sahara in the west, to Egypt and Sudan's Red Sea coast in the east. The most common definition for the region's boundaries includes Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, and Western Sahara, the territory territorial dispute, disputed between Morocco and the list of states with limited recognition, partially recognized Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. The United Nations’ definition includes all these countries as well as Sudan. The African Union defines the region similarly, only differing from the UN in excluding the Sudan and including Mauritania. The Sahel, south of the Sahara, Sahara Desert, can be considered as the southern boundary of North Africa. North Africa includes the Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla, and the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jihad
''Jihad'' (; ) is an Arabic word that means "exerting", "striving", or "struggling", particularly with a praiseworthy aim. In an Islamic context, it encompasses almost any effort to make personal and social life conform with God in Islam, God's guidance, such as an introspection, internal struggle against evil in oneself, efforts to build a good Muslim community (''ummah''), and struggle to defend Islam. Literally meaning 'struggle', the term is most frequently Islam and war, associated with warfare. ''Jihad'' is classified into inner ("greater") ''jihad'', which involves a struggle against one's own passions and impulses, and outer ("lesser") ''jihad'', which is further subdivided into ''jihad'' of the pen/tongue (debate or persuasion) and ''jihad'' of the sword (warfare). Much of Muslim opinion considers inner ''jihad'' to have primacy over outer ''jihad'', although many Western scholars disagree. The analysis of a large survey from 2002 reveals considerable nuance in the co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Islamisation
The spread of Islam spans almost 1,400 years. The early Muslim conquests that occurred following the death of Muhammad in 632 CE led to the creation of the caliphates, expanding over a vast geographical area; conversion to Islam was boosted by Arab Muslim forces expanding over vast territories and building imperial structures over time. Most of the significant expansion occurred during the reign of the '' rāshidūn'' ("rightly-guided") caliphs from 632 to 661 CE, which were the first four successors of Muhammad. These early caliphates, coupled with Muslim economics and trading, the Islamic Golden Age, and the age of the Islamic gunpowder empires, resulted in Islam's spread outwards from Mecca towards the Indian, Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans and the creation of the Muslim world. The Islamic conquests, which culminated in the Arab empire being established across three continents (Asia, Africa, and Europe), enriched the Muslim world, achieving the economic preconditions for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
