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List Of Benzimidazole Opioids
Benzimidazole opioids, also known as nitazenes, are a class of synthetic opioids with an unusual benzimidazole structure often referred to as opioid New Psychoactive Substances (opioid NPS). First synthesized in the 1950s by CIBA Pharmaceuticals as potential analgesic medications, several substances in the class have been identified, the best known being etonitazene. Like other synthetic opioids, benzimidazole opioids bind the mu-opioid receptor and may exhibit potency up to several hundred times that of morphine. While several substances in this class have found applications in research, they have never been used in clinical medicine due to their profound risk of respiratory depression and death, and have recently been recognized as emerging drugs of abuse. Isotonitazine was first identified in samples of illicit drugs, and implicated in opioid overdose deaths in Europe, Canada, and the United States beginning in 2019. Previously known nitazene analogs such as metonitazine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nitazenes
Benzimidazole opioids, also known as nitazenes, are a class of synthetic opioids with an unusual benzimidazole structure often referred to as opioid New Psychoactive Substances (opioid NPS). First synthesized in the 1950s by CIBA Pharmaceuticals as potential analgesic medications, several substances in the class have been identified, the best known being etonitazene. Like other synthetic opioids, benzimidazole opioids bind the mu-opioid receptor and may exhibit potency up to several hundred times that of morphine. While several substances in this class have found applications in research, they have never been used in clinical medicine due to their profound risk of respiratory depression and death, and have recently been recognized as emerging drugs of abuse. Isotonitazine was first identified in samples of illicit drugs, and implicated in opioid overdose deaths in Europe, Canada, and the United States beginning in 2019. Previously known nitazene analogs such as metonitazine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Etonitazene
Etonitazene is an analgesic drug, first reported in 1957, that has been shown to have approximately 1,000 to 1,500 times the potency of morphine in animals. Because it is characterized by a strong dependency potential and a tendency to produce profound respiratory depression, it is not used in humans. It is, however, useful in animal models for addiction studies, particularly those requiring the animals to drink or ingest the agent, because it is not as bitter as opiate salts like morphine sulfate. Synthesis Etonitazene and its related opioid agonist benzimidazoles were discovered in the late 1950s, by a team of Swiss researchers working at the pharmaceutical firm CIBA (now Novartis). One of the first compounds investigated by the Swiss team was 1-(β-diethylaminoethyl)-2-benzylbenzimidazole, which was found to possess 10% of the analgesic activity of morphine when tested in rodent bioassays. This finding encouraged the group to begin a comprehensive systematic study of 2-benzyl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Methoxy
In organic chemistry, a methoxy group is the functional group consisting of a methyl group bound to oxygen. This alkoxy group has the formula . On a benzene ring, the Hammett equation classifies a methoxy substituent at the ''para'' position as an electron-donating group, but as an electron-withdrawing group if at the ''meta'' position. At the ''ortho'' position, steric effects are likely to cause a significant alteration in the Hammett equation prediction which otherwise follows the same trend as that of the ''para'' position. Occurrence The simplest of methoxy compounds are methanol and dimethyl ether. Other methoxy ethers include anisole and vanillin. Many alkoxides contain methoxy groups, e.g. tetramethyl orthosilicate and titanium methoxide. Such compounds are often classified as methoxides. Esters with a methoxy group can be referred to as methyl esters, and the —COOCH3 substituent is called a methoxycarbonyl. Biosynthesis In nature, methoxy groups are found on nucleosi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Metonitazene
Metonitazene is an analgesic compound related to etonitazene, which was first reported in 1957, and has been shown to have approximately 100 times the potency of morphine by central routes of administration, but if used orally it has been shown to have approximately 10 times the potency of morphine. Its effects are similar to other opioids such as fentanyl and heroin, including analgesia, euphoria, and sleepiness. Adverse effects include vomiting, and respiratory depression that can potentially be fatal. Because of high dependency potential and dangerous adverse effects it has never been introduced into pharmacotherapy. Legal status In the United States, metonitazene is a Schedule I controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act. Metonitazene is not controlled under the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances; however, in many countries possession or intent to sell for human consumption might be prosecuted under several analog acts. See also * AH-7921 * Eto ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
