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Lay Magistrate
In England and Wales, magistrates (; ) are highly trained volunteers and members of the judiciary who deal with a wide range of criminal and civil proceedings. They are also known as Justices of the Peace. In the adult criminal court, magistrates have equal sentencing powers to district judges (formerly stipendiary magistrates) and deliver verdicts on both "summary" and "either way" offences that carry up to twelve months in prison, or an unlimited fine. Magistrates also sit in the family court where they preside over disputes that involve children, and in the youth court, which deals with criminal matters involving young people aged 10–17. Established in the 14th century, the magistracy is a key part of the judiciary of England and Wales, and it is a role underpinned by the principles of 'justice by one's peers'. Magistrates typically sit as a bench of three, known as a panel, mixed in gender, age and ethnicity where possible, to bring a broad experience of life to the be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
England And Wales
England and Wales () is one of the Law of the United Kingdom#Legal jurisdictions, three legal jurisdictions of the United Kingdom. It covers the constituent countries England and Wales and was formed by the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. The substantive law of the jurisdiction is English law. The Welsh devolution, devolved Senedd (Welsh Parliament; ) – previously named the National Assembly for Wales – was created in 1999 under the Government of Wales Act 1998 and provides a degree of Self-governance, self-government in Wales. The powers of the legislature were expanded by the Government of Wales Act 2006, which allows it to pass Welsh law, its own laws, and the Act also formally separated the Welsh Government from the Senedd. There is currently no Devolved English parliament, equivalent body for England, which is directly governed by the parliament and government of the United Kingdom. History of jurisdiction During the Roman occupation of Britain, the area of presen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bow Street Runners
The Bow Street Runners were the law enforcement officers of the Bow Street Magistrates' Court in the City of Westminster. They have been called London's first professional police force. The force originally numbered six men and was founded in 1749 by Magistrate (England and Wales), magistrate Henry Fielding, who was also well known as an author. His assistant, brother, and successor as magistrate, John Fielding, moulded the constables into a professional and effective force. ''Bow Street Runners'' was the public's nickname for the officers although the officers did not use the term themselves and considered it derogatory. The group was disbanded in 1839 and its personnel merged with the Metropolitan Police, which had been formed ten years earlier but the London metropolitan detective bureau trace their origins back from there. Policing before 1749 The Bow Street Runners are considered the first British police force. Before the force was founded, the law enforcing system was in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Right Of Asylum
The right of asylum, sometimes called right of political asylum (''asylum'' ), is a juridical concept, under which people persecuted by their own rulers might be protected by another sovereign authority, such as a second country or another entity which in medieval times could offer sanctuary. This right was recognized by the Ancient Egyptians, the Greeks, and the Hebrews, from whom it was adopted into Western tradition. René Descartes fled to the Netherlands, Voltaire to England, and Thomas Hobbes to France, because each state offered protection to persecuted foreigners. Contemporary right of asylum is founded on the non-binding Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Universal Declaration of Human Rights Right of asylum is enshrined by United Nations in the Article 14 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948: The right of asylum is supported by the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees. Before asy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lord Bingham
Thomas Henry Bingham, Baron Bingham of Cornhill (13 October 193311 September 2010) was a British judge who was successively Master of the Rolls, Lord Chief Justice and Senior Law Lord. On his death in 2010, he was described as the greatest judge of his generation. Baroness Hale of Richmond observed that his pioneering role in the formation of the United Kingdom Supreme Court may be his most important and long-lasting legacy.Mads Andenas and Duncan Fairgrieve, ''Tom Bingham and the Transformation of the Law'' (2009) p 209. The Lord Phillips of Worth Matravers regarded Bingham as "one of the two great legal figures of my lifetime in the law" (the other figure, in context, being Lord Denning).Mads Andenas and Duncan Fairgrieve, ''Tom Bingham and the Transformation of the Law'' (2009) xlvii. Lord Hope of Craighead described Bingham as "the greatest jurist of our time". After retiring from the judiciary in 2008, Bingham focused on teaching, writing, and lecturing on legal subje ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Justices Of The Peace Act 1979
''Justice'' (abbreviation: ame ''J.'' and other variations) is an honorific style and title traditionally used to describe a jurist who is currently serving or has served on a supreme court or some equal position. In some countries, a justice may have had prior experience as a judge or may have been appointed with no prior judicial experience. It is predominantly used today in the United States to distinguish those who serve on the U.S. Supreme Court from judges who serve on a lower court. Other countries, such as New Zealand and India, similarly use the title as a form of address for members of their highest courts. Etymology The title of ''justice'' is derived from the Latin root ''jus'' (sometimes spelled ''ius'') meaning something which is associated with law or is described as just. It is different from the word ''judge'' in that different suffixes were added to form both words, and that the usage of the term ''justice'' predates that of ''judge''. It first appeared in th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crown Court
The Crown Court is the criminal trial court, court of first instance in England and Wales responsible for hearing all indictable offences, some Hybrid offence, either way offences and appeals of the decisions of magistrates' courts. It is one of three Senior Courts of England and Wales. The Crown Court sits in around 92 List of Crown Court venues in England and Wales, locations in England and Wales, divided into Circuits of England and Wales, Circuits. When sitting in the City of London, it is known as the Central Criminal Court (England and Wales), Central Criminal Court or "Old Bailey". The Crown Court is administered by His Majesty's Courts and Tribunals Service, HM Courts and Tribunals Service, an executive agency of the Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom), Ministry of Justice. History England and Wales formerly used a system of courts of assizes, assize and court of quarter sessions, quarter sessions for indictment trials at first instance. However, the Beeching C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Common Assault
Common assault is an offence in English law. It is committed by a person who causes another person to apprehend the immediate use of unlawful violence by the defendant. In England and Wales, the penalty and mode of trial for this offence is provided by section 39 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988. Statute Section 39 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 provides: On 13 September 2018, the Assaults on Emergency Workers (Offences) Act 2018 received Royal Assent. This added a subsection which states any common assault or battery on an emergency worker (as defined in the Act) is triable either way and subject to a maximum of 12 months' imprisonment if tried on indictment. Ingredients of the offence Section 39 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 does not contain a definition of the expression "common assault" that appears there. What the offence actually consists of must be determined by reference to case law. A person commits an assault if he performs an act (which does not for this ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stones Justices' Manual
''Stone's Justices' Manual'' is a book published by LexisNexis Butterworths. It is "the standard work on summary procedure". It displaced Burn's ''Justices of the Peace'' as the standard work on that subject from 1850 onwards. By 1914, it was old, well-established and formidably large.Alexander, G Glover. ''The Administration of Justice in Criminal Matters: (In England and Wales)''. Cambridge University Press. 1915. Reissued 1919. Reprinted 2010. . Pagevan215 Digitized copy from Google Books. ''Stone's Justices' Manual'' is published in June of every year, with an updating supplement published in October. An accompanying CD-ROM contains the full text plus additional resources such as the All England Law Reports. ''Stone's Justices' Manual'' covers civil procedure, criminal law and litigation and provides comprehensive coverage of all new and amended legislation affecting the magistrates' courts. It also includes hundreds of new cases that set precedents or clarify particular princ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Plague Doctors Wellcome L0025220
Plague or The Plague may refer to: Agriculture, fauna, and medicine *Plague (disease), (commonly referred to as bubonic plague or black death), caused by infectious bacteria ''Yersinia pestis'' * An epidemic of infectious disease (medical or agricultural) * A pandemic caused by such a disease * A swarm of pest insects such as locusts ** A massive attack of other pests afflicting agriculture ** Overpopulation in wild animals afflicting the environment and/or agriculture * Plague, collective noun for common grackles Historical plagues * List of epidemics * Antonine Plague, an ancient pandemic in 165–189 CE brought to the Roman Empire by troops returning from campaigns in the Near East * Black Death, the Eurasian pandemic beginning in the 14th century, also known as "The Plague" * Great Northern War plague outbreak, a European outbreak in the early 18th century * Great Plague of London, a massive outbreak in England that killed an estimated 20% of London's population in 166 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ex Officio Member
An ''ex officio'' member is a member of a body (notably a board, committee, or council) who is part of it by virtue of holding another office. The term ''ex officio'' is Latin, meaning literally 'from the office', and the sense intended is 'by right of office'; its use dates back to the Roman Republic. According to ''Robert's Rules of Order'', the term denotes only how one becomes a member of a body. Accordingly, the rights of an ''ex officio'' member are exactly the same as other members unless otherwise stated in regulations or bylaws. It relates to the notion that the position refers to the position the ex officio holds, rather than the individual that holds the position. In some groups, ''ex officio'' members may frequently abstain from voting. Opposite notions are dual mandate, when the same person happens to hold two offices or more, although these offices are not in themselves associated; and personal union, when two states share the same monarch. For profit and nonprofi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stalybridge
Stalybridge () is a town in Tameside, Greater Manchester, England. At the 2021 United Kingdom census, 2021 census, it had a population of 26,830. Historic counties of England, Historically divided between Cheshire and Lancashire, it is east of Manchester and north-west of Glossop. When a water-powered cotton mill was constructed in 1776, Stalybridge became one of the first centres of textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution. The wealth created in the 19th century from the factory-based cotton industry transformed an area of scattered farms and homesteads into a self-confident town. History Early history The earliest evidence of human activity in Stalybridge is a flint Scraper (archaeology), scraper from the late Neolithic/early Bronze Age.Nevell (1992), p. 38. Also bearing testament to the presence of man in prehistory are the Stalybridge cairns. The two monuments are on the summit of Hollingworthall Moor apart. One of the round cairns is the best-preserv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
