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Law, Legislation And Liberty
''Law, Legislation and Liberty'' () is a work in three volumes by Nobel laureate economist and political philosopher Friedrich Hayek from 1973 to 1979. Background ''Law, Legislation and Liberty'' is a book by Hayek that was written from 1963 to 1978. It offers a diagnosis of the problems facing classical liberal social order and suggests alternatives. The book includes critiques of legal positivism, interest-group politics, and the pursuit of social justice. Hayek argues that the pursuit of social justice leads to the loss of personal freedom, and he favors a common law approach to law. However, the book is not an easy read, and the second volume can be particularly heavy. Hayek suggests that readers should first read his '' The Constitution of Liberty'' before delving into the more detailed discussion in ''Law, Legislation and Liberty''. Contents In Introduction, Hayek develops one of the key issues, the decline of constitutional constraints on government, and thus of lim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Friedrich Hayek
Friedrich August von Hayek (8 May 1899 – 23 March 1992) was an Austrian-born British academic and philosopher. He is known for his contributions to political economy, political philosophy and intellectual history. Hayek shared the 1974 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences with Gunnar Myrdal for work on money and economic fluctuations, and the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena. His account of how prices communicate information is widely regarded as an important contribution to economics that led to him receiving the prize. He was a major contributor to the Austrian school of economics. During his teenage years, Hayek fought in World War I. He later said this experience, coupled with his desire to help avoid the mistakes that led to the war, drew him into economics. He earned doctoral degrees in law in 1921 and political studies in 1923 from the University of Vienna. He subsequently lived and worked in Austria, Great Britain, the United Sta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Legal Positivism
In jurisprudence (also known as legal philosophy), legal positivism is the theory that the existence of the law and its content depend on social facts, such as acts of legislation, judicial decisions, and customs, rather than on morality. This contrasts with theories such as natural law, which hold that law is necessarily connected to morality in such a way that any law that contradicts morality lacks legal validity. Thomas Hobbes defined law as the command of the sovereign. This idea was elaborated in the 18th and 19th centuries by legal philosophers such as Jeremy Bentham and John Austin (legal philosopher), John Austin, who argued that a law is valid not because it is intrinsically moral or just, but because it comes from the sovereign, is generally obeyed by the people, and is backed up by sanctions. Hans Kelsen developed legal positivism further by separating law not only from morality, as the early positivists did, but also from empirical facts, introducing the concept of a N ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Constitution Of Liberty
''The Constitution of Liberty'' is a book written by Friedrich Hayek, first published in 1960 by the University of Chicago Press. Many scholars have considered ''The Constitution of Liberty'' as the most important work by Hayek. Background In 1950, when Hayek moved to Chicago, he had been working on ''The Abuse and Decline of Reason'' essays for a while; some of the early findings had been published in ''Individualism and Economic Order'' (1948), and more would be published in ''The Counter-Revolution of Science'' (1952). He was interested in the connection between societal transformation and the manner in which scientific knowledge is presented. In comparison to being a member of the economics department, he fared substantially better on the Committee on Social Thought. On March 7, 1954, Hayek requested funding from the Guggenheim Foundation for his travels to Italy and Greece. He did this not only for his study of John Stuart Mill, but also because he believed that visiting these ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spontaneous Order
Spontaneous order, also named self-organization in the hard sciences, is the spontaneous emergence of order out of seeming chaos. The term "self-organization" is more often used for physical changes and biological processes, while "spontaneous order" is typically used to describe the emergence of various kinds of social orders in human social networks from the behavior of a combination of self-interested individuals who are not intentionally trying to create order through planning. Proposed examples of systems which evolved through spontaneous order or self-organization include the evolution of life on Earth, language, crystal structure, the Internet, Wikipedia, and free market economy. In economics and the social sciences, spontaneous order has been defined by Hayek as "the result of human actions, not of human design". In economics, spontaneous order has been defined as an equilibrium behavior among self-interested individuals, which is most likely to evolve and survive ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Austrian School
The Austrian school is a Heterodox economics, heterodox Schools of economic thought, school of economic thought that advocates strict adherence to methodological individualism, the concept that social phenomena result primarily from the motivations and actions of individuals along with their self interest. Austrian-school theorists hold that economic theory should be exclusively derived from basic principles of human action.Ludwig von Mises. Human Action, p. 11, "Purposeful Action and Animal Reaction". Referenced 2011-11-23. The Austrian school originated in 1871 in Vienna with the work of Carl Menger, Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk, Friedrich von Wieser, and others. It was methodologically opposed to the Historical school of economics, Historical school, in a dispute known as ''Methodenstreit'', or methodology quarrel. Current-day economists working in this tradition are located in many countries, but their work is still referred to as Austrian economics. Among the theoretical contribu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Philosophy Of Law
Law is a set of rules that are created and are enforceable by social or governmental institutions to regulate behavior, with its precise definition a matter of longstanding debate. It has been variously described as a science and as the art of justice. State-enforced laws can be made by a legislature, resulting in statutes; by the executive through decrees and regulations; or by judges' decisions, which form precedent in common law jurisdictions. An autocrat may exercise those functions within their realm. The creation of laws themselves may be influenced by a constitution, written or tacit, and the rights encoded therein. The law shapes politics, economics, history and society in various ways and also serves as a mediator of relations between people. Legal systems vary between jurisdictions, with their differences analysed in comparative law. In civil law jurisdictions, a legislature or other central body codifies and consolidates the law. In common law systems, judges ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Catallaxy
Catallaxy or catallactics is an alternative expression for the word "economy". Whereas the word economy suggests that people in a community possess a common and congruent set of values and goals, catallaxy suggests that the emergent properties of a market (prices, division of labor, growth, etc.) are the outgrowths of the diverse and disparate goals of the individuals in a community. Aristotle was the first person to define the word "economy" as ‘the art of household management’. As is still a common method of explanation today, Aristotle tried to explain complex market phenomena through an analogy between a household and a state, take for example the modern analogy between the national debt of a country's government and a simple consumer's credit card debt. Aristotle used a common Greek word 'oikonomia' that meant "to direct a single household," and used it to mean the management of an entire city-state. The word catallaxy aims to provide a more accurate and inclusive word fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Donald Boudreaux
Donald Joseph Boudreaux (born September 10, 1958) is a libertarian American economist, author, professor, and co-director of the Program on the American Economy and Globalization at the Mercatus Center at George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia. Early life and education Boudreaux received a Ph.D. in economics from Auburn University in 1986 with a thesis on "Contracting, Organization, and Monetary Instability: Studies in the Theory of the Firm". He received a J.D. from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1992. Academic career Boudreaux was an assistant professor of economics at George Mason University, from 1985 to 1989. He was an associate professor of legal studies and economics at Clemson University, from 1992 to 1997, and president of the Foundation for Economic Education, from 1997 to 2001. He is now professor of economics at George Mason University, where he served as chairman of the economics department, from 2001 to 2009. During the spring 1996 semester, he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
20th Century In Philosophy
Contemporary philosophy is the present period in the history of Western philosophy beginning at the early 20th century with the increasing professionalization of the discipline and the rise of analytic and continental philosophy. The phrase "contemporary philosophy" is a piece of technical terminology in philosophy that refers to a specific period in the history of Western philosophy (namely the philosophy of the 20th and 21st centuries). However, the phrase is often confused with modern philosophy (which refers to an earlier period in Western philosophy), postmodern philosophy (which refers to some philosophers' criticisms of modern philosophy), and with a non-technical use of the phrase referring to any recent philosophic work. Professionalization Process Professionalization is the social process by which any trade or occupation establishes the group norms of conduct, acceptable qualifications for membership of the profession, a professional body or association to oversee th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Books By Friedrich Hayek
A book is a structured presentation of recorded information, primarily verbal and graphical, through a medium. Originally physical, electronic books and audiobooks are now existent. Physical books are objects that contain printed material, mostly of writing and images. Modern books are typically composed of many pages bound together and protected by a cover, what is known as the ''codex'' format; older formats include the scroll and the tablet. As a conceptual object, a ''book'' often refers to a written work of substantial length by one or more authors, which may also be distributed digitally as an electronic book (ebook). These kinds of works can be broadly classified into fiction (containing invented content, often narratives) and non-fiction (containing content intended as factual truth). But a physical book may not contain a written work: for example, it may contain ''only'' drawings, engravings, photographs, sheet music, puzzles, or removable content like paper dolls. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Classical Liberalism
Classical liberalism is a political tradition and a branch of liberalism that advocates free market and laissez-faire economics and civil liberties under the rule of law, with special emphasis on individual autonomy, limited government, economic freedom, political freedom and freedom of speech. Classical liberalism, contrary to progressive branches like social liberalism, looks more negatively on social policies, taxation and the state involvement in the lives of individuals, and it advocates deregulation. Until the Great Depression and the rise of social liberalism, classical liberalism was called economic liberalism. Later, the term was applied as a retronym, to distinguish earlier 19th-century liberalism from social liberalism. By modern standards, in the United States, the bare term ''liberalism'' often means social or progressive liberalism, but in Europe and Australia, the bare term ''liberalism'' often means classical liberalism. Classical liberalism ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
