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Larry Summers
Lawrence Henry Summers (born November 30, 1954) is an American economist who served as United States Secretary of the Treasury from 1999 to 2001 and as the director of the National Economic Council from 2009 to 2010. He also served as president of Harvard University from 2001 to 2006,"Historical Facts"
Harvard University, retrieved March 31, 2017
where he is the Charles W. Eliot University Professor and director of the Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and Government at .Summers, Lawrence H. and John A. Haig

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National Economic Council (United States)
The National Economic Council (NEC) is the principal forum used by the president of the United States for the consideration of domestic and international economic policy matters with senior policymaking and Cabinet of the United States, Cabinet officials, and forms part of the White House Office, Office of Policy Development which is within the Executive Office of the President of the United States. Since the creation of the National Economic Council on January 25, 1993, its purpose is to coordinate domestic and international economic policy-making decisions; to advise the president on economic policy, with respect to domestic and international economic policy matters; to coordinate with various Agencies of the United States government, agencies across the Federal government of the United States, federal government to establish consistent policy with the president's stated goals; and monitor the implementation of the economic agenda of the president. The National Economic Co ...
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David Mulford
David Campbell Mulford (born 27 June 1937) is an American diplomat who served as the United States Ambassador to India from February 23, 2004 to January 15, 2009, and served as Vice-Chairman International of Credit Suisse from 2009 to 2016. He is currently a distinguished visiting fellow at the Hoover Institution, focusing on research, writing, and activities related to global economic integration, including the legal and political environments of trade agreements and their management. He also concentrates his efforts on economic growth in the Indian subcontinent and the trend of receding globalization in developed economies. Biography Early life Mulford was born in Rockford, Illinois. He earned his bachelor's degree from Lawrence University in 1959, his master's degree from Boston University in 1962 and his doctor of philosophy (DPhil.) from the University of Oxford in 1966. Career Mulford was a White House Fellow in 1965 and 1966 and served as a special assistant to the Sec ...
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Doctor Of Philosophy
A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, DPhil; or ) is a terminal degree that usually denotes the highest level of academic achievement in a given discipline and is awarded following a course of Postgraduate education, graduate study and original research. The name of the degree is most often abbreviated PhD (or, at times, as Ph.D. in North American English, North America), pronounced as three separate letters ( ). The University of Oxford uses the alternative abbreviation "DPhil". PhDs are awarded for programs across the whole breadth of academic fields. Since it is an earned research degree, those studying for a PhD are required to produce original research that expands the boundaries of knowledge, normally in the form of a Thesis, dissertation, and, in some cases, defend their work before a panel of other experts in the field. In many fields, the completion of a PhD is typically required for employment as a university professor, researcher, or scientist. Definition In the context o ...
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Master Of Arts
A Master of Arts ( or ''Artium Magister''; abbreviated MA or AM) is the holder of a master's degree awarded by universities in many countries. The degree is usually contrasted with that of Master of Science. Those admitted to the degree have typically studied subjects within the scope of the humanities and social sciences, such as history, literature, languages, linguistics, public administration, political science, communication studies, law or diplomacy; however, different universities have different conventions and may also offer the degree for fields typically considered within the natural sciences and mathematics. The degree can be conferred in respect of completing courses and passing examinations, research, or a combination of the two. The degree of Master of Arts traces its origins to the teaching license or of the University of Paris, designed to produce "masters" who were graduate teachers of their subjects. Europe Czech Republic and Slovakia Like all EU membe ...
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Harvard University
Harvard University is a Private university, private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. Founded in 1636 and named for its first benefactor, the History of the Puritans in North America, Puritan clergyman John Harvard (clergyman), John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. Its influence, wealth, and rankings have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world. Harvard was founded and authorized by the Massachusetts General Court, the governing legislature of Colonial history of the United States, colonial-era Massachusetts Bay Colony. While never formally affiliated with any Religious denomination, denomination, Harvard trained Congregationalism in the United States, Congregational clergy until its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized in the 18th century. By the 19th century, Harvard emerged as the most prominent academic and cultural institution among the Boston B ...
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Bachelor Of Science
A Bachelor of Science (BS, BSc, B.S., B.Sc., SB, or ScB; from the Latin ') is a bachelor's degree that is awarded for programs that generally last three to five years. The first university to admit a student to the degree of Bachelor of Science was the University of London in 1860. In the United States, the Lawrence Scientific School first conferred the degree in 1851, followed by the University of Michigan in 1855. Nathaniel Shaler, who was Harvard's Dean of Sciences, wrote in a private letter that "the degree of Bachelor of Science came to be introduced into our system through the influence of Louis Agassiz, who had much to do in shaping the plans of this School." Whether Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Arts degrees are awarded in particular subjects varies between universities. For example, an economics student may graduate as a Bachelor of Arts in one university but as a Bachelor of Science in another, and occasionally, both options are offered. Some universities follo ...
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Massachusetts Institute Of Technology
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a Private university, private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. Established in 1861, MIT has played a significant role in the development of many areas of modern technology and science. In response to the increasing Technological and industrial history of the United States, industrialization of the United States, William Barton Rogers organized a school in Boston to create "useful knowledge." Initially funded by a land-grant universities, federal land grant, the institute adopted a Polytechnic, polytechnic model that stressed laboratory instruction in applied science and engineering. MIT moved from Boston to Cambridge in 1916 and grew rapidly through collaboration with private industry, military branches, and new federal basic research agencies, the formation of which was influenced by MIT faculty like Vannevar Bush. In the late twentieth century, MIT became a leading center for research in compu ...
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Elisa New
Elisa New (born 1958) is an American academic who is the Powell M. Cabot Professor of American Literature at Harvard University. Early life and education She was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and raised in Maryland. New's father was an engineer and computer scientist for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and her mother worked as a party planner. She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Brandeis University (1980), as well as a Master of Arts and PhD from Columbia University (1982 and 1988, respectively). Career New's academic specialties include American poetry, American literature, religion in literature, and Jewish literature. Before moving to Harvard, she taught at the University of Pennsylvania. She is the creator and host of the television show '' Poetry in America''. In May 2023, the ''Wall Street Journal'' reported that a nonprofit linked to New had received more than $100,000 from Jeffrey Epstein. Personal life She had three daughters with her f ...
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Democratic Party (United States)
The Democratic Party is a Centre-left politics, center-left political parties in the United States, political party in the United States. One of the Major party, major parties of the U.S., it was founded in 1828, making it the world's oldest active political party. Its main rival since the 1850s has been the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party, and the two have since dominated American politics. The Democratic Party was founded in 1828 from remnants of the Democratic-Republican Party. Senator Martin Van Buren played the central role in building the coalition of state organizations which formed the new party as a vehicle to help elect Andrew Jackson as president that year. It initially supported Jacksonian democracy, agrarianism, and Manifest destiny, geographical expansionism, while opposing Bank War, a national bank and high Tariff, tariffs. Democrats won six of the eight presidential elections from 1828 to 1856, losing twice to the Whig Party (United States) ...
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New Haven, Connecticut
New Haven is a city of the U.S. state of Connecticut. It is located on New Haven Harbor on the northern shore of Long Island Sound. With a population of 135,081 as determined by the 2020 United States census, 2020 U.S. census, New Haven is List of municipalities in Connecticut, the third largest city in Connecticut after Bridgeport, Connecticut, Bridgeport and Stamford, Connecticut, Stamford, the largest city in the South Central Connecticut Planning Region, Connecticut, South Central Connecticut Planning Region, and the principal municipality of Greater New Haven metropolitan area, which had a total population of 864,835 in 2020. New Haven was one of the first Planned community, planned cities in the U.S. A year after its founding by English Puritans in 1638, eight streets were laid out in a four-by-four Grid plan, grid, creating the "Nine Square Plan". The central common block is New Haven Green, the New Haven Green, a square at the center of Downtown New Haven. The Green is n ...
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Michael Bruno (economist)
Michael Peter Bruno (; 30 July 193226 December 1996) was an Israeli economist. He was governor of the Bank of Israel and a former World Bank Chief Economist. Biography Michael Peter Bruno was married to Ofra Hanoch (née Hirshenberg), with whom he had three children, daughter Yael and sons Ido and Asa. He died of cancer at home in Jerusalem. He is survived by his second wife Netta (née Ben-Porath). Awards and recognition * In 1970, Bruno was appointed the Carl Melchior chair of international economics. * In 1974, he was awarded the Rothschild Prize for Social Science. * In 1994, he was awarded the Israel Prize, for economics. Published works * * * See also * List of Israel Prize recipients References Further reading * * * * Daniel Maman and Zeev Rosenhek. 2011. The Israeli Central Bank: Political Economy, Global Logics and Local Actors', Routledge. External links * {{DEFAULTSORT:Bruno, Michael 1932 births 1996 deaths 20th-century Isr ...
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Stanley Fischer
Stanley Fischer (; October 15, 1943 – May 31, 2025) was an American and Israeli economist who served as the 20th vice chair of the Federal Reserve from 2014 to 2017. Fischer previously served as the 8th governor of the Bank of Israel from 2005 to 2013. Born in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia), he held dual citizenship in Israel and the United States.Stanley Fischer firms as top choice to become US Fed vice
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