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La Clémente Amitié
''La Clémente Amitié'' is the name of a Masonic lodge affiliated with the Grand Orient de France, established in 1805 at Paris. Over the two centuries following its founding, the lodge included numerous notable public figures, intellectuals, and politicians among its members. It marked its bicentennial in 2005. History ''La Clémente Amitié'' was officially founded on March 8, 1805, and its history is marked by several defining periods. In 1824, it established ("The Order of Reward"), which operated as a Masonic academy. In 1826, tensions with the Grand Orient de France led to its first threat of dissolution. Refusing to submit, the lodge operated under the from 1826 to 1834. In 1844, the election of François-Timoléon Bègue-Clavel (1798–1852), a deist and republican Masonic scholar, as Worshipful Master ushered in a period of growth. Under his leadership, the lodge attracted a strong contingent of intellectual and republican elites, initiating and affiliating notabl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grand Orient De France
The Grand Orient de France (, abbr. GODF) is the oldest and largest of several Freemasonic organizations based in France and is the oldest in Continental Europe (as it was formed out of an older Grand Lodge of France in 1773, and briefly absorbed the rump of the older body in 1799, allowing it to date its foundation to 1728 or 1733). The Grand Orient de France is generally regarded as the "mother lodge" of Continental Freemasonry. History Foundation In 1777, the Grand Orient de France recognised the antiquity of the ''Lodge of Perfect Equality'', said to have been formed in 1688. This, if it actually existed at that time, was a military lodge attached to the Earl of Granard's Royal Irish Regiment, formed by Charles II of England in Saint-Germain in 1661, just before his return to England. The regiment remained loyal to the Stuarts, and did not return to France until after the fall of Limerick in 1689. They returned to barracks in Saint-Germain in 1698, surviving to become the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Émile Littré
Émile Maximilien Paul Littré (; 1 February 18012 June 1881) was a French lexicographer, freemason and philosopher, best known for his , commonly called . Biography Littré was born in Paris. His father, Michel-François Littré, had been a gunner and, later, a sergeant-major of marine artillery in the French navy who was deeply imbued with revolutionary ideas of the day. Settling down as a tax collector, he married Sophie Johannot, a freethought, free-thinker like himself, and devoted himself to the education of his son Émile. The boy was sent to the Lycée Louis-le-Grand, where Louis Christophe François Hachette, Louis Hachette and Eugène Burnouf became his friends. After he completed his studies at the lycée, he was undecided as to what career he should adopt; however, he devoted himself to mastering the English and German languages, classical and Sanskrit literature, and philology. He finally decided to become a student of medicine in 1822. He passed all his examination ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Masonic Grand Lodges
This is a list of all verifiable organizations that claim to be a Masonic Grand Lodge. A Masonic " Grand Lodge" (or sometimes "Grand Orient") is the governing body that supervises the individual " Lodges of Freemasons" in a particular geographical area, known as its "jurisdiction" (usually corresponding to a sovereign state or other major geopolitical unit). Some are large, with thousands of members divided into hundreds of subordinate lodges, while others are tiny, with only a few members split between a handful of local lodges. Sometimes there will only be one Grand Lodge in a given area, but the majority of the time there will be at least two. More often, there will be several competing Grand Lodges claiming the same jurisdictional area, or claiming overlapping areas. This fact leads to debates over legitimacy: Not all Grand Lodges and Grand Orients recognize each other as being legitimate. However, such recognition is not relevant to this list, yet recognition is foundational ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Freemasonry In Latin America
Freemasonry in Latin America has a prominent presence, with many Masonic lodges and members across the region. In terms of membership, it is the most densely populated geographical area after the United States. It manifests in many different forms, and as of 2017, its overall history remains to be fully established. Nevertheless, Freemasonry is frequently referenced in the historical accounts of these countries, particularly concerning the considerable number of Freemasons who played a role in the independence movements against Spain and Portugal. Historical overview Latin America and the Caribbean represent the second-largest Masonic center in the world after the United States, significantly surpassing Europe. Its establishment mirrors its presence in Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries. Throughout its history, Masonry has been persecuted in much the same way by Inquisition tribunals and other prohibitions. Latin American Freemasonry has impacted the former Spanis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Freemasonry In Brazil
The presence of Freemasonry in Brazil is mentioned in several documents from 1797 onwards. Banned several times throughout its history, Freemasonry experienced rapid growth in the country between these bans and spread to Paraguay and Uruguay. The first obedience to be created was the '' Grande Oriente do Brasil'' in 1822, by three French lodges. Strongly opposed by the Catholic clergy, it united in 1883 after a long period of division until 1927. Brazilian Freemasonry is the largest in South America in terms of membership. In 2017, all the obedient currents were present on its territory. History Claimed to have existed since 1797 with the creation of a Masonic lodge at the end of the 18th century, Brazilian Freemasonry is recognized as a Masonic power of major importance in South America. However, in 2017, some historians differ on the veracity of this existence before the beginning of the 19th century, while others place the first documented creations around 1801. However, it ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
La Chaîne D'Union
''La Chaîne d'Union'' is the quarterly journal of Masonic, philosophical, and symbolic studies of the Grand Orient de France. Founded in London in 1864 by exiled French Freemasons fleeing the authoritarian regime of Napoleon III, it celebrates its 150th year of existence in 2015. While remaining close to the liberal and adogmatic conception of Freemasonry, its editorial line has evolved over the years. Its name refers to the symbolic Chain of Union formed by Freemasons at the end of their Masonic garb. Despite several interruptions in its distribution, it remains the oldest Masonic magazine still in publication in 2015. Its editorial board is made up of brothers and sisters from various French obediences. History 1864-1869: birth in London and 1st distribution The Masonic magazine ''La Chaîne d'Union'' was born of a project conceived by brothers Prosper Simard and François Tafety, Freemasons living in exile in London and opposed to Napoleon III during the regime's “autho ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grande Loge Nationale Française
The Grande Loge Nationale Française (; abbr. GLNF) is a French Masonic Grand Lodge. It was founded in 1913, by two lodges, "Le Centre des Amis" Lodge splitting from Grand Orient de France and "L'Anglaise" lodge, an independent lodge based in Bordeaux. GLNF is based on monotheism and the 1929 precepts of regularity issued by the United Grand Lodge of England. The all-male Grande Loge traditionnelle et symbolique Opéra split from the GLNF in 1958, as did the National French Lodge in 1968, and more recently the Grand Prieuré des Gaules. Rites Following an influx of a large number of brethren from the Grande Loge de France breaking away in protest of that obedience's treaty with the Grand Orient de France, the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite became the most prevalent rite, even in the blue lodge degrees. Following the research of a number of the brethren into the history of the Rectified Scottish Rite, interest grew in restoring the French Rite to regular freemasonry i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Freemasonry
The history of Freemasonry encompasses the origins, evolution and defining events of the fraternal organisation known as Freemasonry. It covers three phases. Firstly, the emergence of organised lodges of operative masons during the Middle Ages, then the admission of lay members as "accepted" (a term reflecting the ceremonial "acception" process that made non-stone masons members of an operative lodge) or "speculative" masons, and finally the evolution of purely speculative lodges, and the emergence of Grand Lodges to govern them. The watershed in this process is generally taken to be the formation of the first Grand Lodge in London on the Gregorian 24 June 1717. The two difficulties facing historians are the paucity of written material, even down to the 19th century, and the misinformation generated by masons and non-masons alike from the earliest years. Freemasonry's long history includes its early development from organised bodies of operative stonemasons to the modern s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Freemasonry In France
Freemasonry in France () has been influential on the worldwide Masonic movement due to its founding of Continental Freemasonry. There are many and varied Masonic rites and obediences in France. The main male-only masonic organisations are the Grande Loge de France and the Grande Loge Nationale Française, the main female-only organisation is the Women's Grand Lodge Of France, and the main mixed organisations are now the Grand Orient de France and Le Droit Humain. In addition, organisations like the SRIA also operate in France, with colleges across the country. Historiography In the 18th century Paris and Lyon were the two major centers of the French Freemasonry. Each of them hosted more than 20 lodges. Until the mid 20th century, the history of Freemasonry was excluded from classic-style history syllabi in universities. Particularly in France, Masonic historiography was thus almost entirely divided between authors who were vehemently pro- or anti-Freemasonry (with the former ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a World war, global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies of World War II, Allies and the Axis powers. World War II by country, Nearly all of the world's countries participated, with many nations mobilising all resources in pursuit of total war. Tanks in World War II, Tanks and Air warfare of World War II, aircraft played major roles, enabling the strategic bombing of cities and delivery of the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, first and only nuclear weapons ever used in war. World War II is the List of wars by death toll, deadliest conflict in history, causing World War II casualties, the death of 70 to 85 million people, more than half of whom were civilians. Millions died in genocides, including the Holocaust, and by massacres, starvation, and disease. After the Allied victory, Allied-occupied Germany, Germany, Allied-occupied Austria, Austria, Occupation of Japan, Japan, a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Louis Ricard
Louis Pierre Hippolyte Ricard (17 March 1839 – 2 March 1921) was a wealthy French lawyer and liberal politician. He was Minister of Justice in 1892 and again in 1895–96. He is best known for steering through the 1898 law on workplace accidents. Early years (1839–1885) Louis Pierre Hippolyte Ricard was born on 17 March 1839 in Caen, Calvados. His father was Paul Urban Ricard, a Caen hosiery manufacturer, and his mother was Marie-Caroline Rossignol. He grew up in a comfortable and rather conservative Catholic home. He studied law in Paris and joined the bar of Rouen in 1861. He became well known in the Rouen Court of Appeal. In 1864, Ricard married Annette Gratienne Lesueur, a Protestant, daughter of a cotton manufacturer and niece of a major manufacturer of chemical products. They had one son. His wife brought him a large dowry, and also introduced him to what were then advanced political and social views. He became an anti-clerical Republican, and gradually moved towards a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Camille Pelletan
Charles Camille Pelletan (28 June 1846 – 4 June 1915) was a French politician, historian and journalist, Minister of Marine in Emile Combes' '' Bloc des gauches'' (Left-Wing Blocks) cabinet from 1902 to 1905. He was part of the left-wing of the Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party, created in 1902. Biography Pelletan was born in Paris, the son of Eugène Pelletan (1813–1884), a writer of some distinction and a noted opponent of the Second Empire. Camille Pelletan was educated in Paris, passed as licentiate in laws, and studied at the ''École Nationale des Chartes'' where he was qualified as an "archiviste paléographe". At the age of twenty he became an active journalist, and a bitter critic of the Imperial Government. After the war of 1870-71 he took a leading place among the Radicals, as an opponent of the "Opportunist Republicans" who continued the policy of Léon Gambetta.} He was parliamentary editor for '' Le Rappel'' until 1871, when he was succeede ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
