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Kidung Sunda
Kidung Sunda is a Middle-Javanese kidung of probable Balinese provenance. In this poem, the story of king Hayam Wuruk of Majapahit who was looking for a bride to be, is narrated. At last he chose the princess of Sunda, a kingdom in West Java. The princess' name is remained undisclosed in this story, however she corresponds to Dyah Pitaloka Citraresmi in Pararaton. Hayam Wuruk's grand vizier Gajah Mada, betrayed his king and rejected this idea. There was a dispute about geopolitical relations between Sunda and Majapahit (i.e. Java). Gajah Mada considered Sunda to be a vassal state of Java. For that reason a great battle took place in Bubat, the port where the Sundanese party landed as they refused to be treated as vassals. There the Majapahit-Javanese army slaughtered the Sundanese. The grieved princess of Sunda committed suicide not long afterwards. This historical story has to be situated somewhere in the 14th century. Different versions of ''Kidung Sunda'' A Dutch philologi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raden Wijaya
Raden Wijaya or Raden Vijaya (also known as Nararya Sangramawijaya, regnal name Kertarajasa Jayawardhana) (reigned 1293–1309) was a Javanese emperor, and the founder and first monarch of the Majapahit Empire.Slamet Muljana, 2005, ''Runtuhnya Kerajaan Hindu-Jawa dan Timbulnya Negara-negara Islam di Nusantara'', Yogyakarta: LKiS, . The history of his founding of Majapahit was written in several records, including Pararaton and Negarakertagama. His rule was marked by the victory against the army and the Mongol navy of Kublai Khan's Yuan dynasty. Ancestry There are several versions of his ancestry. According to Pararaton, Raden Wijaya was the son of Mahisa Campaka, prince of Singhasari. According to later controversial source from 17th century, Pustaka Rajyarajya i Bhumi Nusantara, Raden Wijaya was the son of Rakeyan Jayadarma (son of Sunda-Galuh King Prabu Guru Darmasiksa) and Dyah Lembu Tal (daughter of Mahisa Campaka from Singhasari). Rakeyan Jayadarma was poisoned and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bedil (term)
Bedil is a term from Maritime Southeast Asia which refers to various types of firearms and gunpowder weapons, from small pistols to large siege guns. The term ''bedil'' comes from ''wedil'' (or ''wediyal'') and ''wediluppu'' (or ''wediyuppu'') in the Tamil language. In their original form, these words refer to gunpowder blast and saltpeter, respectively. But after being absorbed into ''bedil'' in the Malay language, and in a number of other cultures in the archipelago, that Tamil vocabulary is used to refer to all types of weapons that use gunpowder. The terms ''bedil'' and ''bedhil'' are known in Javanese and Balinese, in Sundanese the term is ''bedil'', in Batak it is known as ''bodil'', in Makasarese, ''badili'', in Buginese, ''balili'', in Dayak language, ''badil'', in Tagalog, ''baril'', in Bisayan, ''bádil'', in Bikol languages, ''badil'', and in Malay it is ''badel'' or ''bedil''. History It is possible that gunpowder weapons were used in Java by Kublai Khan's Ch ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Manuscript
A manuscript (abbreviated MS for singular and MSS for plural) was, traditionally, any document written by hand – or, once practical typewriters became available, typewritten – as opposed to mechanically printing, printed or reproduced in some indirect or automated way. More recently, the term has come to be understood to further include ''any'' written, typed, or word-processed copy of an author's work, as distinguished from the rendition as a printed version of the same. Before the arrival of printing, all documents and books were manuscripts. Manuscripts are not defined by their contents, which may combine writing with mathematical calculations, maps, music notation, explanatory figures, or illustrations. Terminology The study of the writing in surviving manuscripts, the "hand", is termed palaeography (or paleography). The traditional abbreviations are MS for manuscript and MSS for manuscripts, while the forms MS., ms or ms. for singular, and MSS., mss or ms ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
East Java
East Java ( id, Jawa Timur) is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia located in the easternmost hemisphere of Java island. It has a land border only with the province of Central Java to the west; the Java Sea and the Indian Ocean border its northern and southern coasts, respectively, while the narrow Bali Strait to the east separates Java from Bali by around . Located in eastern Java (island), Java, the province also includes the island of Madura Island, Madura (which is connected to Java by the longest bridge in Indonesia, the Suramadu Bridge), as well as the Kangean Islands, Kangean islands and other smaller island groups located further east (in the northern Bali Sea) and Masalembu Islands, Masalembu archipelagos in the north. Its capital is Surabaya, the Largest cities in Indonesia, second largest city in Indonesia, a major industrial center and also a major business center. Banyuwangi is the largest regency in East Java and the largest on the island of Java. The p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jombang Regency
Jombang Regency ( id, Kabupaten Jombang; jv, ꦏꦧꦸꦥꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦗꦺꦴꦩ꧀ꦧꦁ) is a regency of East Java, Indonesia, situated to the southwest of Surabaya. The capital of the regency is the town of Jombang. The regency has an area of 1,159.48 km2 and population of 1,202,407 at the 2010 census and 1,318,062 at the 2020 census. It became a regency in 1910. It was the birthplace of Abdurrahman Wahid, the 4th president of Indonesia The President of the Republic of Indonesia ( id, Presiden Republik Indonesia) is both the head of state and the head of government of the Republic of Indonesia. The president leads the executive branch of the Indonesian government and i .... Administrative districts The regency is divided into twenty-one districts (''kecamatan''), tabulated below with their areas and population totals from the 2010 census and the 2020 census.Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. The table also includes the number of administrative village ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cetbang
Cetbang (also known as bedil, warastra, or meriam coak) were cannons produced and used by the Majapahit Empire (1293–1527) and other kingdoms in the Indonesian archipelago. There are 2 main types of cetbang: the eastern-style cetbang which looks like a Chinese cannon and is loaded from the front, and the western-style cetbang which is shaped like a Turkish and Portuguese cannon, loaded from the back.Averoes, Muhammad (2020). Antara Cerita dan Sejarah: Meriam Cetbang Majapahit. ''Jurnal Sejarah'', 3(2), 89 - 100. Etymology The word "cetbang" is not found in old Javanese, it probably comes from the Chinese word ''chongtong'' (銃筒), which also influenced the Korean word 총통(''chongtong''). The term "meriam coak" is from the Betawi language, it means "hollow cannon", referring to the breech. It is also simply referred to as coak. Cetbang in old Javanese is known as bedil. It is also called a warastra, which is synonymous with bedil. Warastra is an old Javanese word, it me ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Majalengka Regency
Majalengka Regency is the landlocked regencies ''(kabupaten)'' in West Java, Indonesia. It covers an area of 1,204.24 sq. km, and had a population of 1,166,473 at the 2010 Census and 1,305,476 at the 2020 Census; the official estimate as at mid 2021 was 1,318,965. The administrative capital is the town of Majalengka. Administrative districts The Majalengka Regency consists of twenty-six districts ''(kecamatan)'', subdivided into 13 urban villages ''(kelurahan)'' and 318 rural villages ''(desa)''. These districts are as follows, listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census and the 2020 Census; together with the official estimates as at mid 2021. The table also includes the location of the district administrative centres. The incumbent regency officer ''(Bupati)'' of this regency is Hj. Tutty Hayati Anwar SH. MSi. Transportation Toll Road Access Kertajati International Airport The new airport to serve Bandung as well as West Java. The const ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bedil Tombak
Bedil tombak or bedil tumbak is a type of early firearm from the Nusantara archipelago. The weapon consist of a gun or small cannon mounted on a wooden pole, forming a type of weapon known as " pole gun" (''stangenbüchse'' in German). Etymology The word ''bedil'' is a term in the Malay and Javanese language meaning gun (any type of gun, from small pistol to large siege gun). The word ''tombak'' or ''tumbak'' means spear, pike, or lance. History The introduction of gunpowder-based weapons in the Nusantara archipelago can be traced back to the Mongol invasion of Java (1293), where the Chinese-Mongol troops used cannon ( 炮—"Pào") against the forces of Kediri in Daha.Schlegel, Gustaaf (1902). "On the Invention and Use of Fire-Arms and Gunpowder in China, Prior to the Arrival of European". ''T'oung Pao''. 3: 1–11.Reid, Anthony (1993). ''Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680. Volume Two: Expansion and Crisis''. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. Betwe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moksha
''Moksha'' (; sa, मोक्ष, '), also called ''vimoksha'', ''vimukti'' and ''mukti'', is a term in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism for various forms of emancipation, enlightenment, liberation, and release. In its soteriology, soteriological and eschatology, eschatological senses, it refers to freedom from ''saṃsāra'', the cycle of death and Reincarnation, rebirth. In its epistemology, epistemological and psychological senses, ''moksha'' is freedom from ignorance: self-realization, self-actualization and self-knowledge. In Hindu traditions, ''moksha'' is a central concept and the utmost aim of human life; the other three aims being ''dharma'' (virtuous, proper, moral life), ''artha'' (material prosperity, income security, means of life), and ''kama'' (pleasure, sensuality, emotional fulfillment). Together, these four concepts are called Puruṣārtha in Hinduism. In some schools of Indian religions, ''moksha'' is considered equivalent to and used interchange ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yoga
Yoga (; sa, योग, lit=yoke' or 'union ) is a group of physical, mental, and spiritual practices or disciplines which originated in ancient India and aim to control (yoke) and still the mind, recognizing a detached witness-consciousness untouched by the mind ('' Chitta'') and mundane suffering (''Duḥkha''). There is a wide variety of schools of yoga, practices, and goals in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism,Stuart Ray Sarbacker, ''Samādhi: The Numinous and Cessative in Indo-Tibetan Yoga''. SUNY Press, 2005, pp. 1–2.Tattvarthasutra .1 see Manu Doshi (2007) Translation of Tattvarthasutra, Ahmedabad: Shrut Ratnakar p. 102. and traditional and modern yoga is practiced worldwide. Two general theories exist on the origins of yoga. The linear model holds that yoga originated in the Vedic period, as reflected in the Vedic textual corpus, and influenced Buddhism; according to author Edward Fitzpatrick Crangle, this model is mainly supported by Hindu scholars. According ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and borders fourteen countries by land, the most of any country in the world, tied with Russia. Covering an area of approximately , it is the world's third largest country by total land area. The country consists of 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four municipalities, and two Special Administrative Regions (Hong Kong and Macau). The national capital is Beijing, and the most populous city and financial center is Shanghai. Modern Chinese trace their origins to a cradle of civilization in the fertile basin of the Yellow River in the North China Plain. The semi-legendary Xia dynasty in the 21st century BCE and the well-attested Shang and Zhou dynasties developed a bureaucratic political system to serve hereditary monarchies, or dyna ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
