Krzyż I Półksiężyc
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Krzyż I Półksiężyc
''Krzyż i półksiężyc. Powieść dla młodzieży na tle ostatniej wojny bałkańskiej'' (''The Cross and the Crescent. A Novel for Youth Set Against the Backdrop of the Last Balkan War'') is an adventure novel for young readers by Władysław Umiński, published in 1913. The story is set against the backdrop of historical events (the First Balkan War) and includes a science fiction element. The novel was illustrated with 12 drawings by . Publication history The novel was first published in 1913 by and was reprinted in 1924. Plot The backdrop of the novel is the First Balkan War of 1912, and the protagonists are Poles (including pilots Colonel Zadorski and Captain Zabiełła, as well as Polish female doctors) from the Austrian partition. They are members of the Volunteer Aerial Intelligence Unit ("a secret organization supporting the Slavs fighting in the Balkans"), assisting the Christian Balkan League (the eponymous "cross") against Muslim Turkey (the eponymous "cresce ...
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Władysław Umiński
Władysław Jan Umiński (10 November 1865 – 31 December 1954) was a Polish journalist, fiction author, and science educator. An early science-fiction writer, he has been dubbed "the Polish Jules Verne" and recognized as a pioneer of Polish science fiction and adventure literature. He authored around thirty novels and numerous popular science articles, blending scientific exploration with adventure narratives aimed at educating young readers, which is why much of his fiction is classed as young-adult literature. His writings also featured themes of exploration and adventure, emphasized technological innovation, patriotism, and moral progress, frequently featured Polish protagonists and advocated for Polish independence. Umiński’s novels popularized concepts like aviation and space exploration in Polish literature, while his journalism spanned science, education, and literary criticism. Despite waning popularity posthumously, his contributions to Polish literature and educ ...
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Adventure Fiction
Adventure fiction is a type of fiction that usually presents danger, or gives the reader a sense of excitement. Some adventure fiction also satisfies the literary definition of Romance (prose fiction)#Definition, romance fiction. History In the introduction to the ''Encyclopedia of Adventure Fiction'', Critic Don D'Ammassa defines the genre as follows: D'Ammassa argues that adventure stories make the element of danger the focus; hence he argues that Charles Dickens's novel ''A Tale of Two Cities'' is an adventure novel because the protagonists are in constant danger of being imprisoned or killed, whereas Dickens's ''Great Expectations'' is not because "Pip's encounter with the convict is an adventure, but that scene is only a device to advance the main plot, which is not truly an adventure." Adventure has been a common theme (literature), theme since the earliest days of written fiction. Indeed, the standard plot of Heliodorus, and so durable as to be still alive in Adventu ...
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Military Science Fiction
Military science fiction is a subgenre of science fiction and military fiction that depicts the use of science fiction technology, including spaceships and science fiction weapons, weapons, for military purposes and usually principal characters who are members of a military organization, usually during a war; occurring sometimes in outer space or on a different planet or planets. It exists in a range of media, including literature, comics, film, television and video games. A detailed description of the conflict, belligerents (which may involve extraterrestrials), tactics and weapons used for it, and the role of a military service and the individual members of that military organization form the basis for a typical work of military science fiction. The stories often use features of actual past or current Earth conflicts, with countries being replaced by planets or galaxies with similar characteristics, battleships replaced by space battleships, small arms and artillery replaced b ...
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First Balkan War
The First Balkan War lasted from October 1912 to May 1913 and involved actions of the Balkan League (the Kingdoms of Kingdom of Bulgaria, Bulgaria, Kingdom of Serbia, Serbia, Kingdom of Greece, Greece and Kingdom of Montenegro, Montenegro) against the Ottoman Empire. The Balkan states' combined armies overcame the initially numerically inferior (significantly superior by the end of the conflict) and strategically disadvantaged Ottoman armies, achieving rapid success. The war was a comprehensive and unmitigated disaster for the Ottomans, who lost 83% of their European territories and 69% of their European population.''Balkan Savaşları ve Balkan Savaşları'nda Bulgaristan''
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As a result of the war, the League captured and partitioned al ...
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