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Krystyna Wróblewska
Krystyna Wróblewska (1904 – 1994),Małgorzata Kozłowska, Życie dłutem wyżłobione. Twórczość Krystyny Wróblewskiej (1904-1994).' Wyd. Neriton publishing, Warsaw 2007. was a Polish painter, graphic artist, book designer and member of the Polish Academy of Sciences. She was the wife of Bronisław Wróblewski, Rector of the University of Stefan Batory in Wilno in the Second Polish Republic (now Vilnius, Lithuania), and mother of the iconic Polish postwar painter Andrzej Wróblewski born in Wilno in 1927. Wróblewska studied fine arts under Ludomir Sleńdziński and Jerzy Hoppen during the interwar period and graduated from the Art Department of Wilno University in 1937,Encyklopedia Internautica: Wróblewska, Krystyna (1904-94). Retrieved April 4, 2013. two years ahead of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nazi Crimes In Poland
Crimes against the Polish nation committed by Nazi Germany and Axis collaborationist forces during the invasion of Poland, along with auxiliary battalions during the subsequent occupation of Poland in World War II, included the genocide of millions of Polish people, especially the systematic extermination of Jewish Poles. These mass killings were enacted by the Nazis with further plans that were justified by their racial theories, which regarded Poles and other Slavs, and especially Jews, as racially inferior ''Untermenschen''. By 1942, the Nazis were implementing their plan to murder every Jew in German-occupied Europe, and had also developed plans to reduce the Polish people through mass murder, ethnic cleansing, enslavement and extermination through labor, and assimilation into German identity of a small minority of Poles deemed "racially valuable". During World War II, the Germans not only murdered millions of Poles, but ethnically cleansed millions more through force ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
End Of World War II In Europe
The end of World War II in Europe occurred in May 1945. Following the Death of Adolf Hitler, suicide of Adolf Hitler on 30 April, leadership of Nazi Germany passed to Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz and the Flensburg Government. Soviet Union, Soviet troops Battle of Berlin, conquered Berlin on 2 May, and a number of German military forces surrendered over the next few days. On 8 May, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel signed the German Instrument of Surrender, an unconditional surrender to the Allies of World War II, Allies, in Karlshorst, Berlin. This is celebrated as Victory in Europe Day, while in Russia 9 May is celebrated as Victory Day (9 May), Victory Day. Some fighting continued after the German surrender. Some battles continued on the Eastern Front (World War II), Eastern Front such as the Courland Pocket in western Latvia surrendering on 10 May, and the Prague offensive in Czechoslovakia ending on 11 May. On 25 May 1945, the Battle of Odžak ended in a Yugoslav Partisan victory. Fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1904 Births
Events January * January 7 – The distress signal ''CQD'' is established, only to be replaced 2 years later by ''SOS''. * January 8 – The Blackstone Library is dedicated, marking the beginning of the Chicago Public Library system. * January 12 – The Herero Wars in German South West Africa begin. * January 17 – Anton Chekhov's last play, ''The Cherry Orchard'' («Вишнëвый сад», ''Vishnevyi sad''), opens at the Moscow Art Theatre directed by Constantin Stanislavski, 6 month's before the author's death. * January 23 – The Ålesund fire destroys most buildings in the town of Ålesund, Norway, leaving about 10,000 people without shelter. * January 25 – Halford Mackinder presents a paper on "The Geographical Pivot of History" to the Royal Geographical Society of London in which he formulates the Heartland Theory, originating the study of geopolitics. February * February 7 – The Great Baltimore Fire in Baltimore, Maryland, destroys over 1,500 build ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Book Designers
A book is a structured presentation of recorded information, primarily verbal and graphical, through a medium. Originally physical, electronic books and audiobooks are now existent. Physical books are objects that contain printed material, mostly of writing and images. Modern books are typically composed of many pages bound together and protected by a cover, what is known as the ''codex'' format; older formats include the scroll and the tablet. As a conceptual object, a ''book'' often refers to a written work of substantial length by one or more authors, which may also be distributed digitally as an electronic book (ebook). These kinds of works can be broadly classified into fiction (containing invented content, often narratives) and non-fiction (containing content intended as factual truth). But a physical book may not contain a written work: for example, it may contain ''only'' drawings, engravings, photographs, sheet music, puzzles, or removable content like paper dolls ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bookplate
An , also known as a bookplate (or book-plate, as it was commonly styled until the early 20th century), is a printed or decorative label pasted into a book, often on the front endpaper, to indicate ownership. Simple typographical bookplates are termed "book labels". Bookplates often bear a motif relating to the book's owner, such as a coat-of-arms, crest (heraldry), crest, badge, motto, or a design commissioned from an artist or designer. The name of the owner usually follows an inscription such as "from the books of..." or "from the library of...", or in Latin, "". Bookplates are important evidence for the provenance of books. The most traditional technique used to make bookplates is Burin_(engraving), burin engraving. The engraved copper matrix is then printed with an intaglio press on paper, and the resulting print can be pasted into the book to indicate ownership. In the United States, bookplates replaced book rhymes (which replaced Book curse, book curses) after the 19th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Holocaust In Poland
The Holocaust saw the ghettoization, robbery, deportation and mass murder of Jews, alongside other groups under Nazi racial theories, similar racial pretexts in Occupation of Poland (1939–1945), occupied Poland by the Nazi Germany. Over three million Polish Jews were murdered, primarily at the Chelmno, Belzec concentration camp, Belzec, Sobibor extermination camp, Sobibor, Treblinka concentration camp, Treblinka and Auschwitz concentration camp, Auschwitz extermination camps, who made up half of the Jewish Holocaust victims. During Nazi occupation, the country lost 20% of its population, or six million people, including three million Jews (90% of the country's Jewish population). The important Polish Jewish community pre-war was almost destroyed. All Poles, Christian or Jewish, were bound for total annihilation. In 1939, Nazi Germany invaded Poland while the Soviet Union Soviet invasion of Poland, invaded Poland from the east. In German-occupied Poland, Jews were killed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
World War II Crimes In Poland
Around six million Polish citizensProject in PosterumRetrieved 20 September 2013.Holocaust: Five Million Forgotten: Non-Jewish Victims of the Shoah. Remember.org.AFP/Expatica, '', Expatica.com, 30 August 2009 Tomasz Szarota & Wojciech Materski, ''Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami'' (Poland, 1939–1945: Human Losses and Victims of Repression under Two Occupations), |
Woodcut
Woodcut is a relief printing technique in printmaking. An artist carves an image into the surface of a block of wood—typically with gouges—leaving the printing parts level with the surface while removing the non-printing parts. Areas that the artist cuts away carry no ink, while characters or images at surface level carry the ink to produce the print. The block is cut along the wood grain (unlike wood engraving, where the block is cut in the end-grain). The surface is covered with ink by rolling over the surface with an ink-covered roller ( brayer), leaving ink upon the flat surface but not in the non-printing areas. Multiple colours can be printed by keying the paper to a frame around the woodblocks (using a different block for each colour). The art of carving the woodcut can be called ''xylography'', but this is rarely used in English for images alone, although that term and ''xylographic'' are used in connection with block books, which are small books containing text ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Politechnika Krakowska
A polytechnic is an educational institution that primarily focuses on vocational education, applied sciences, and career pathways. They are sometimes referred to as ''institutes of technology'', ''vocational institutes'', or ''universities of applied sciences''. Polytechnic may also refer to: Education systems * Polytechnic High School (other), lists a number of high schools with ''polytechnic'' included in the name * Polytechnic Secondary School * Polytechnic (Greece), schools that teach engineering * Polytechnic (Portugal), schools that offer profession-oriented, practical training * Polytechnic (Singapore), tertiary institutions offering education in applied sciences and vocational fields * Polytechnic (United Kingdom), system 1965–1992; since merging with university system known as "post-1992 universities" Tertiary educational institutions Asia * Bahrain Polytechnic in Isa Town, Bahrain * Hong Kong Polytechnic University (known as PolyU) * Jakarta State Polyte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Association Of Polish Artists And Designers
The Association of Polish Artists and Designers (, ZPAP) is an official association of professional artists in Poland. It represents more than 4,500 learned artists working in the field of visual arts, including: painting, sculpture, graphic design, interior and set design, ceramics, fabric arts, as well as new media, and art restoration. The Association was founded in 1911 in Kraków during the Partitions of Poland. In the interwar period until 1939 it served as a trade union and in 1945, following World War II, it was formally re-established as an association. In 1980, ZPAP supported the Solidarity movement and opposed the imposition of martial law in 1981. Consequently, the military authorities disbanded the Association when it refused to retract its communiqués. ZPAP operated unofficially until the restoration of democracy in 1989. Today, ZPAP features prominently across the country with 23 regional Chapters, paid staff, curators, publications, and regional art galleries p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kraków
, officially the Royal Capital City of Kraków, is the List of cities and towns in Poland, second-largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland. Situated on the Vistula River in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, the city has a population of 804,237 (2023), with approximately 8 million additional people living within a radius. Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 1596, and has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, cultural, and artistic life. Cited as one of Europe's most beautiful cities, its Kraków Old Town, Old Town was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1978, one of the world's first sites granted the status. The city began as a Hamlet (place), hamlet on Wawel Hill and was a busy trading centre of Central Europe in 985. In 1038, it became the seat of King of Poland, Polish monarchs from the Piast dynasty, and subsequently served as the centre of administration under Jagiellonian dynasty, Jagiellonian kings and of the Polish–Lithuan ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kresy
Eastern Borderlands (), often simply Borderlands (, ) was a historical region of the eastern part of the Second Polish Republic. The term was coined during the interwar period (1918–1939). Largely agricultural and extensively multi-ethnic with a Polish minority, it amounted to nearly half of the territory of interwar Poland. Historically situated in the eastern Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, following the 18th-century foreign partitions it was divided between the Empires of Russia and Austria-Hungary, and ceded to Poland in 1921 after the Treaty of Riga. As a result of the post-World War II border changes, all of the territory was ceded to the Soviet Union, and today the area of Kresy is divided between Western Ukraine, Western Belarus, and south-eastern Lithuania. The region gave rise to the Kresy myth, a collection of nostalgic views about the area. After the fall of Communism in Europe and dissolution of the Soviet Union a major economic conflict emerged about the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
