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Khojaly Massacre
The Khojaly massacre (, ) was the mass killing of Azerbaijani civilians by Armenian forces and the 366th CIS regiment in the town of Khojaly on 26 February 1992. The event became the largest single massacre throughout the entire Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Khojaly was an Azerbaijani-populated town of some 6,300 people in the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast of Azerbaijan SSR, also housing the region's only airport in 1992. The town was subject to daily shelling and total blockade by Armenian forces during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War. Without supply of electricity, gas, or water, it was defended by the local forces consisting of about 160 lightly armed men. The Armenian forces, along with some troops of the 366th CIS regiment, launched an offensive in early 1992, forcing almost the entire Azerbaijani population of the enclave to flee, and committing "unconscionable acts of violence against civilians" as they fled. The massacre was one of the turning points during the F ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
First Nagorno-Karabakh War
The First Nagorno-Karabakh War was an ethnic conflict, ethnic and territorial conflict that took place from February 1988 to May 1994, in the enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh in southwestern Azerbaijan, between the majority ethnic Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh backed by Armenia, and the Republic of Azerbaijan with support from Turkey. As the war progressed, Armenia and Azerbaijan, both former Republics of the Soviet Union, Soviet republics, entangled themselves in protracted, undeclared mountain warfare in the mountainous heights of Karabakh as Azerbaijan attempted to curb the secessionist movement in Nagorno-Karabakh. The National Assembly (Nagorno-Karabakh), enclave's parliament had voted in favor of uniting with Armenia and a 1991 Nagorno-Karabakh independence referendum, referendum, boycotted by the Azerbaijani population of Nagorno-Karabakh, was held, in which a 99.89% voted in favor of independence with an 82.2% turnout. The demand to unify with Armenia began in a relatively ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pogrom
A pogrom is a violent riot incited with the aim of Massacre, massacring or expelling an ethnic or religious group, particularly Jews. The term entered the English language from Russian to describe late 19th- and early 20th-century Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire, attacks on Jews in the Russian Empire (mostly within the Pale of Settlement). Retrospectively, similar attacks against Jews which occurred in other times and places were renamed pogroms. Sometimes the word is used to describe publicly sanctioned purgative attacks against non-Jewish groups. The characteristics of a pogrom vary widely, depending on the specific incident, at times leading to, or culminating in, massacres. Significant pogroms in the Russian Empire included the Odessa pogroms, Warsaw pogrom (1881), Kishinev pogrom (1903), Kiev pogrom (1905), and Białystok pogrom (1906). After the collapse of the Russian Empire in 1917, several pogroms occurred amidst the power struggles in Eastern Europe, inclu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elman Mammadov
Elman Mammadov (; born October 18, 1950) is an Azerbaijani politician who serves as the Member of National Assembly of Azerbaijan from 124th ''Shusha- Fizuli- Khojali- Khojavend'' district. He's a veteran of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War. Early life Mammadov was born on October 18, 1950, in Khojaly, Azerbaijan. He graduated from the Mathematics Department of Azerbaijan State Pedagogical University and Academy of Public Administration. Since 1973, he worked as a teacher, assistant director and director at a school in Khojaly. In 1985–1987, he was the head of party organization at dairy sovkhoz. In 1987–1991, he was the chairman of ''Khojaly Executive Committee''. In 1991–2000, he was the Mayor of Khojaly, in exile since February 26, 1992. Elman Mammadov was also responsible for the self-defense detachments in Khojaly and was one of the survivors of Khojaly Massacre, who along with Commandant of Khojaly Airport Alif Hajiyev led one of the crowds of escaping Azerbaijani ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army
The Artsakh Defence Army () was the defence force of the breakaway Republic of Artsakh. Established in 1992, it united previously disorganized defence units which were formed in the early 1990s. It was disbanded on 20 September 2023 under the terms of the Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement following the 2023 Azerbaijani military offensive. History Establishment The Artsakh Defence Army was founded on 9 May 1992. It created "its own central command and military structure distinct from the Armenian Army." Its founders included Robert Kocharyan (the former President of Armenia, he was the first commander-in-chief of the Army); Serzh Sargsyan (former Prime Minister and President of Armenia); Vazgen Sargsyan (Armenia's Defence Minister 1992–93, State Minister in Charge of defence 1993–95, Armenia's Prime Minister 1998–99); Monte Melkonian (responsible for Martuni Province); Samvel Babayan (Nagorno-Karabakh's Defence Minister from 1994 to 2000) and others. Many ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shelling Of Stepanakert
The siege of Stepanakert started in late 1991, during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, in Stepanakert, the largest city in Nagorno-Karabakh, when the Azerbaijani forces circled the city. Until May 1992, the city and its Armenian population were the target of a months-long campaign of bombardment by Azerbaijan. The bombardment of Stepanakert and adjacent Armenian towns and villages, which took place under the conditions of total blockade by Azerbaijan, caused widespread destruction and many civilian deaths. Human Rights Watch reported that the main bases used by Azerbaijani Armed Forces for the bombardment of Stepanakert included the towns of Khojaly and Shusha. Azerbaijani forces used weapons such as the BM-21 Grad multiple-launch rocket systems. The indiscriminate shelling, sniper shooting and aerial attacks killed or maimed hundreds of civilians and destroyed homes, hospitals and other buildings that were not legitimate military targets, and generally terrorized the civilian p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aghdam
Aghdam () is a town and the nominal capital of the Aghdam District of Azerbaijan. Founded in the 18th century, it was granted city status in 1828 and grew considerably during the Soviet period. Aghdam lies from Stepanakert at the eastern foot of the Karabakh Range, on the outskirts of the Karabakh plain. Before the First Nagorno-Karabakh War, butter, wine and brandy, machine, and silk factories, and an airport and two railway stations functioned there. By 1989, Aghdam had 28,031 inhabitants. As Azerbaijani forces withdrew from Karabakh following political turmoil in the country during the war, Armenian forces captured Aghdam in July 1993. The heavy fighting forced the city's population to flee eastwards. Upon the seizure, Armenian forces sacked the town. Until 2020, it was ''de facto'' a part of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, and was almost entirely ruined and uninhabited. As part of the agreement that ended the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, the town and its surrounding distri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shusha
Shusha (, ) or Shushi () is a city in Azerbaijan, in the region of Nagorno-Karabakh. Situated at an altitude of 1,400–1,800 metres (4,600–5,900 ft) in the Karabakh mountains, the city was a mountain resort in the Soviet Union, Soviet era. Most sources date Shusha's establishment to the 1750s by Panah Ali Khan, founder of the Karabakh Khanate, coinciding with the foundation of Shusha fortress, the fortress of Shusha. Some attribute this to an alliance between Panah Ali Khan and Melik Shahnazar II, Melik Shahnazar, the local Armenian prince () of Melikdom of Varanda, Varanda. In these accounts, the name of the town originated from a nearby Armenian village called Shosh, Nagorno-Karabakh, Shosh or Shushikent (see for alternative explanations). Conversely, some sources describe Shusha as an important center within the self-governing Armenian melikdoms of Karabakh in the 1720s, and others say the plateau was already the site of an Armenian fortification.Krunk Hayots Ashkha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thomas De Waal
Thomas Patrick Lowndes de Waal (born 1966) is a British journalist and writer on the Caucasus. He is a senior fellow at Carnegie Europe. He is best known for his 2003 book '' Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War''. Life and career Thomas De Waal was born in Nottingham, England. He is the son of Esther Aline (née Lowndes-Moir), a writer on religion, and Anglican priest Victor de Waal. De Waal graduated from Balliol College, Oxford, with a First Class Degree in Modern Languages (Russian and Modern Greek). De Waal is the co-author of ''Chechnya: Calamity in the Caucasus'' (New York, 1998) and author of '' Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War'' (New York, 2003). As a journalist, de Waal has reported for, amongst others, the BBC World Service, the '' Moscow Times'', and ''The Times''. He was a Caucasus editor at the Institute for War and Peace Reporting (IWPR) in London until December 2008, and later a research associate with the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nezavisimaya Gazeta
( rus, Независимая газета, p=nʲɪzɐˈvʲisʲɪməjə ɡɐˈzʲetə, t=Independent Newspaper) is a Russian daily newspaper. History and profile Soviet Union was established by the Moscow Soviet in August 1990. Its first editor was Vitaly Tretyakov, a former contributor '' Moskovskiye Novosti'', who intended to create an independent and objective newspaper similar to ''Le Monde'' and ''The Independent''. Its first issue was printed by the printing machine of ''Izvestia'' and published on 21 December 1990, selling 150.000 copies; additional 100.000 copies were published in French and sold as a supplement to the ''Courrier International''. The paper opposed the 1991 Soviet coup attempt and was briefly shut down by the State Committee on the State of Emergency. In response, journalists from Nezavisimaya Gazeta, alongside their colleagues from the main banned Russian newspapers, aided in published the illegal opposition samizdat ''Obshchaya Gazeta''. Post-So ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Meskhetian Turks
Meskhetian Turks, also referred to as Turkish Meskhetians, Ahiska Turks, and Turkish Ahiskans, (; ka, მესხეთის თურქები ''Meskhetis turk'ebi'') are a subgroup of ethnic Turkish people formerly inhabiting the Meskheti region of Georgia, along the border with Turkey. The Turkish presence in Meskheti began with the Ottoman military expedition of 1578, although Turkic tribes had settled in the region as early as the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Today, the Meskhetian Turks are widely dispersed throughout the former Soviet Union (as well as in Turkey and the United States) due to forced deportations during World War II. At the time, the Soviet Union was preparing to launch a pressure campaign against Turkey, and Joseph Stalin wanted to clear the strategic Turkish population in Meskheti deemed likely to be hostile to Soviet government intentions.. In 1944, the Meskhetian Turks were accused of smuggling, banditry and espionage in collaboration wit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grad Missile
The BM-21 "Grad" () is a self-propelled 122 mm multiple rocket launcher designed in the Soviet Union. The system and the M-21OF rocket were first developed in the early 1960s, and saw their first combat use in March 1969 during the Sino-Soviet border conflict. ''BM'' stands for ''boyevaya mashina'' ( – combat vehicle), and the nickname means "hail". The complete system with the BM-21 launch vehicle and the M-21OF rocket is designated as the M-21 field-rocket system and is more commonly known as a Grad multiple rocket launcher system. In NATO countries the system, either the complete system or the launch vehicle only, was initially known as the M1964. Several other countries have copied the Grad or developed similar systems. In Russian service its intended replacement is the 9A52-4 Tornado. Many similar 122 mm MLRS systems are made by different countries based on the BM-21 Grad. Description The M-21 field rocket system with a BM-21 launch vehicle (122 mm m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
