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Kankalis
The Kangly (康曷利; pinyin: Kānghélì; Middle Chinese (Zhengzhang Shangfang, ZS): /kʰɑŋ-ɦɑt̚-liɪH/ or 康里 pinyin: ''Kānglĭ'' Historical references Kara-Khanid Khanate, Kara-Khanid lexicographer Mahmud al-Kashgari mentioned a Kipchaks, Kipchak chief surnamed ''Qanglı'' and simply glossed ''Qanglı'' as "a wagon for carrying load". Supposedly, they might be identified as or closely related to Kipchaks; or formed part of the Pechenegs, or were of Tiele people, Tiele origin. ''Gaoche'', Chinese exonomy for Tiele means "high cart". Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII mentions three Pecheneg tribes collectively known as the Kangar union, Kangar in his ''De Administrando Imperio''. ''Kangar'' is associated with Sogdia, Kang territory and probably with the Kangaris people and the city of Kangu Tarban, mentioned in the Kul Tigin inscription of the Orkhon Turkic peoples. Still, the relationship between the Kanglys, the Kangars, and the Kangaris / Kengeres (allies of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kangar Union
Kangar union was a Turkic people, Turkic state in the territory of the entire modern Kazakhstan without Jetisu, Zhetysu. The ethnic name Kangar is an Early Medieval, early medieval name for the Kankalis, Kangly/Uyghurs, Uyghur] people, who are now part of the Uyghurs, Uyghur, Kazakhs, Kazakh, Uzbeks, Uzbek, and Karakalpaks, Karakalpak nations. The capital of the Kangar union was located in the Ulytau mountains. The Pechenegs, three of whose tribes were known as ''Kangar'' (Greek language, Greek: Καγγαρ), after being defeated by the Oghuz Turks, Uyghur's, Karluks, and Kimek-Kypchaks, attacked the Bulgars and established the Pecheneg state in Eastern Europe (890–990 CE). Etymology The ''Kengeres'', mentioned in the Orkhon inscriptions, were possibly known in the Islamic world and in the west as ''Kangar'', a collective name for three Pechenegs, Pecheneg tribes (of eight). Byzantine emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus stated that ''Kangar'' signified nobleness and brav ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hama (Yuan Dynasty)
Hama, () courtesy name () was a Hui Kankali official and Tibetan monk in the Yuan dynasty who served as chief minister to the Emperor Shun Emperor Shun ( zh, c=帝舜, p=Dì Shùn) was a legendary leader of ancient China, regarded by some sources as one of the Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors being the last of the Five Emperors. Tradition holds that he lived sometime between 229 .... After Toktagha's disgrace Hama was created first minister and Sue sue, his brother, chief censor of the Empire. Hama was made first minister and all power was then in his hands. Elated by this success, Hama decided to raise Ayushiridara to the throne. This plot was discovered, Hama was sentenced to exile and strangled by his enemies there in 1356, and Ayushiridara was pardoned.Jeremiah Curtin, ''The Mongols: A history'', p.401 References Yuan dynasty left chancellors 14th-century Buddhist monks 1356 deaths {{China-history-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pecheneg Khanate
The Pechenegs () or Patzinaks, , Middle Turkic: , , , , , , ka, პაჭანიკი, , , ; sh-Latn-Cyrl, Pečenezi, separator=/, Печенези, also known as Pecheneg Turks were a semi-nomadic Turkic people from Central Asia who spoke the Pecheneg language. In the 9th and 10th centuries, the Pechenegs controlled much of the steppes of southeast Europe and the Crimean Peninsula. In the 9th century the Pechenegs began a period of wars against Kievan Rus', and for more than two centuries launched raids into the lands of Rus', which sometimes escalated into full-scale wars. Ethnonym The Pechenegs were mentioned as ''Bjnak'', ''Bjanak'' or ''Bajanak'' in medieval Arabic and Persian texts, as ''Be-ča-nag'' in Classical Tibetan documents, and as ''Pačanak-i'' in works written in Georgian. Anna Komnene and other Byzantine authors referred to them as ''Patzinakoi'' or ''Patzinakitai''. In medieval Latin texts, the Pechenegs were referred to as ''Pizenaci'', ''Bisseni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pechenegs
The Pechenegs () or Patzinaks, , Middle Turkic languages, Middle Turkic: , , , , , , ka, პაჭანიკი, , , ; sh-Latn-Cyrl, Pečenezi, separator=/, Печенези, also known as Pecheneg Turks were a semi-nomadic Turkic peoples, Turkic people from Central Asia who spoke the Pecheneg language. In the 9th and 10th centuries, the Pechenegs controlled much of the steppes of southeast Europe and the Crimean Peninsula. In the 9th century the Pechenegs began a period of wars against Kievan Rus', and for more than two centuries launched raids into the lands of Rus', which sometimes escalated into full-scale wars. Ethnonym The Pechenegs were mentioned as ''Bjnak'', ''Bjanak'' or ''Bajanak'' in medieval Arabic language, Arabic and Persian language, Persian texts, as ''Be-ča-nag'' in Classical Tibetan documents, and as ''Pačanak-i'' in works written in Georgian language, Georgian. Anna Komnene and other Byzantine authors referred to them as ''Patzinakoi'' or ''Patzi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tang Huiyao
The ''Tang Huiyao'' () is an institutional history of the Tang dynasty compiled by Wang Pu and presented to Emperor Taizu of Song in 961. The book contains 100 volumes and 514 sections; it has an abundant content for the period before 846, and scarce material unobtainable from the ''Tongdian'', ''Old Book of Tang'', and ''New Book of Tang''. It combines the earlier ''Huiyao'' compiled by Su Mian, which covers the history of Tang to 779, and the ''Xu Huiyao'' by Yang Shaofu and others, which extended the coverage to 846. The compilation was finished by the early Song dynasty, with the addition of small amount of material after the reign of Emperor Xuānzong of Tang included by Wang Pu. References * Zhang, Zexian"Tang Huiyao" ("Institutional History of Tang") ''Encyclopedia of China The ''Encyclopedia of China'' () is the first large-entry modern encyclopedia in the Chinese language. The compilation began in 1978. Published by the Encyclopedia of China Publishing House, t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kipchaks
The Kipchaks, also spelled Qipchaqs, known as Polovtsians (''Polovtsy'') in Russian annals, were Turkic nomads and then a confederation that existed in the Middle Ages inhabiting parts of the Eurasian Steppe. First mentioned in the eighth century as part of the Second Turkic Khaganate, they most likely inhabited the Altai region from where they expanded over the following centuries, first as part of the Kimek–Kipchak confederation and later as part of a confederation with the Cumans. There were groups of Kipchaks in the Pontic–Caspian steppe, China, Syr Darya, and Siberia. Cumania was conquered by the Mongol Empire in the early 13th century. Terminology The Kipchaks interpreted their name as meaning "hollow tree" (cf. Middle Turkic: ''kuv ağaç''); according to them, inside a hollow tree, their original human ancestress gave birth to her son. Németh points to the Siberian ''qıpčaq'' "angry, quick-tempered" attested only in the Siberian Sağay dialect (a dialect o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ferghana Horse
Ferghana horses () were one of China's earliest major imports, originating in from the Fergana Valley in Central Asia. These horses, as depicted in Tang dynasty tomb figures in earthenware, may "resemble the animals on the golden medal of Eucratides, King of Bactria (Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris)." The Ferghana horse is also known as the "heavenly horse" in China or the Nisean horse in the West. Ancient history The Han dynasty Emperor Wudi sent a huge military expedition to Ferghana in 104 B.C. to acquire a sufficient number of "Heavenly Horses". The Han suffered a military defeat and went home empty handed. In 102 B.C., the Chinese gathered a massive army of over 60,000 men and 30,000 horses, for a campaign to acquire "Heavenly Horses". This army crushed several villages that showed resistance, but not without suffering 50% losses. The town of Ferghana was placed under siege, and its inhabitants threatened to slaughter all of the horses, but a compromise was event ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Syr Darya
The Syr Darya ( ),; ; ; ; ; /. historically known as the Jaxartes ( , ), is a river in Central Asia. The name, which is Persian language, Persian, literally means ''Syr Sea'' or ''Syr River''. It originates in the Tian Shan, Tian Shan Mountains in Kyrgyzstan and eastern Uzbekistan and flows for west and north-west through Uzbekistan, Sughd province of Tajikistan, and southern Kazakhstan to the North Aral Sea, northern remnants of the Aral Sea. It is the northern and eastern of the two main rivers in the endorheic basin of the Aral Sea, the other being the Amu Darya. In the Soviet Union, Soviet era, extensive irrigation projects were constructed around both rivers, diverting their water into farmland and causing, during the post-Soviet era, the virtual disappearance of the Aral Sea, once the world's fourth-largest lake. The point at which the river flows from Tajikistan into Uzbekistan is, at above sea level, the lowest elevation in Tajikistan. Name The second part of the nam ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kangju
Kangju (; Eastern Han Chinese: ''kʰɑŋ-kɨɑ'' standard Chinese ''Kāngjū''), proposes that it was an Iranian word meaning "stone", and compares it to Pashto ''kā́ṇay'' "stone". Joseph Marquart, Omeljan Pritsak and Peter B. Golden have noted phonetic similarities between Kangju and Kengeres mentioned in the Orkhon inscriptions, the Kangarâyê in Transcaucasia, the city of Kengü Tarban, and the three Pecheneg tribes collectively known as Kangar mentioned by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus. Nevertheless, all those connections remain hypothetical. Archaeological evidence suggests that the Kangju spoke an Eastern Iranian language, which was probably identical to Sogdian, or derived from it. History According to 2nd century BCE Chinese sources, Kangju lay north of the Dayuan and west of the Wusun, bordering the Yuezhi in the south. Their territory covered the region of the Ferghana Valley and the area between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, with the co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peter Benjamin Golden
Peter Benjamin Golden (born 1941) is an American professor emeritus of History, Turkish and Middle Eastern Studies at Rutgers University. He has written many books and articles on Turkic peoples, Turkic and Central Asian studies, such as ''An introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples''. Golden grew up in New York and attended High School of Music & Art, Music & Art High School. He graduated from City University of New York, CUNY Queens College, City University of New York, Queens College in 1963, before obtaining his Master of Arts, M.A. and Doctor of Philosophy, Ph.D. in History from Columbia University in 1968 and 1970, respectively. Golden also studied at the School of Language and History – Geography, Dil ve Tarih – Coğrafya Fakültesi (School of Language and History – Geography) in Ankara from 1967 to 1968. He taught at Rutgers University from 1969 until his retirement in 2012. He was Director of the Middle Eastern Studies Program at Rutgers from 2008 to 2011. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Western Turkic Khaganate
The Western Turkic Khaganate () or Onoq Khaganate () was a Turkic khaganate in Eurasia, formed as a result of the wars in the beginning of the 7th century (593–603 CE) after the split of the First Turkic Khaganate (founded in the 6th century on the Mongolian Plateau by the Ashina clan), into a western and an eastern Khaganate. The whole confederation was called ''Onoq'', meaning "ten arrows". According to a Chinese source, the Western Turks were organized into ten divisions. The khaganate's capitals were Navekat (summer capital) and Suyab (principal capital), both situated in the Chui River valley of Kyrgyzstan, to the east of Bishkek. Tong Yabgu's summer capital was near Tashkent and his winter capital Suyab. The Eastern Turkic Khaganate was subjugated by the Tang dynasty in 657 and continued as its vassal, until it finally collapsed in 742. To the west, the breakup of the Western Turkic Khaganate led to the rise of the Turkic Khazar Khaganate (–969). History The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eastern Turkic Khaganate
The Eastern Turkic Khaganate ( zh, t=東突厥, p=Dōng Tūjué or Dōng Tújué) was a Turkic khaganate formed as a result of the internecine wars in the beginning of the 7th century (AD 581–603) after the First Turkic Khaganate (founded in the 6th century in the Mongolian Plateau by the Ashina clan) had splintered into two polities – one in the east and the other in the west. Finally, the Eastern Turkic Khaganate was defeated and absorbed by the Tang dynasty, and Xueyantuo occupied the territory of the former Turkic Khaganate. History Outline In 552–555 the Göktürks replaced the Rouran Khaganate as the dominant power on the Mongolian Plateau, forming the First Turkic Khaganate (552–630). They quickly spread west to the Caspian Sea. Between 581 and 603 the Western Turkic Khaganate in Central Asia separated from the Eastern Khaganate in the Mongolian Plateau. In the early period the Central Plain regimes were weak and paid tribute to the Turks at times. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
