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Jinniushan
Jinniushan () is a Middle Pleistocene paleoanthropological site, dating to around 260,000 BP, most famous for its archaic hominin fossils. The site is located near Yingkou, Liaoning, China. Several new species of extinct birds were also discovered at the site. Jinniushan hominin The hominid fossils at Jinniushan all belong to one individual. Initially, the fossils were believed to have belonged to a male specimen, since the fossils were so big. Later analysis shows that the fossil remains actually come from a female specimen. Size The Jinniushan specimen's body mass is estimated to be around , making it the largest female specimen ever discovered in the fossil record. The next largest female specimen ever discovered, found at Grotte du Prince, early Late Pleistocene, from around 100,000 BP, has an estimated body mass of . Body size in ''Homo'' reached its maximum during the Middle Pleistocene, so the size of the Jinniushan specimen is not surprising, especially since the specim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dali (fossil)
Dali man () is the remains of a late ''Homo erectus'' or archaic ''Homo sapiens'' who lived in the late-mid Pleistocene epoch. The remains comprise a complete fossilized skull, which was discovered by Liu Shuntang in 1978 in Dali County, Shaanxi Province, China. Dating the skull is a matter of debate. While uranium-series dating of ox teeth from the same site in 1994 obtained a date of , it is unclear whether the hominid cranium and the ox teeth date from a similar era.P. BrowDali archaic ''Homo sapiens''University of New England, Australia (2002) A new analysis performed in 2017 used a variety of methods, arriving at an age estimate of about . The fossil is considered to be the most complete skull of that time period found in China. Access to Dali Man is restricted. The cranium is currently housed in the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology in Beijing, China. Characteristics of the skull The Dali cranium is interesting to modern anthropologists as i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dali Man
Dali man () is the remains of a late ''Homo erectus'' or archaic ''Homo sapiens'' who lived in the late-mid Pleistocene epoch. The remains comprise a complete fossilized skull, which was discovered by Liu Shuntang in 1978 in Dali County, Shaanxi Province, China. Dating the skull is a matter of debate. While uranium-series dating of ox teeth from the same site in 1994 obtained a date of , it is unclear whether the hominid cranium and the ox teeth date from a similar era.P. BrowDali archaic ''Homo sapiens''University of New England, Australia (2002) A new analysis performed in 2017 used a variety of methods, arriving at an age estimate of about . The fossil is considered to be the most complete skull of that time period found in China. Access to Dali Man is restricted. The cranium is currently housed in the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology in Beijing, China. Characteristics of the skull The Dali cranium is interesting to modern anthropologists as i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Homo Longi
''Homo longi'' is an extinct species of archaic human identified from a nearly complete skull, nicknamed 'Dragon Man', from Harbin on the Northeast China Plain, dating to at minimum 146,000 years ago during the Middle Pleistocene. The skull was discovered in 1933 along the Songhua River while the was under construction for the Manchukuo National Railway. Due to a tumultuous wartime atmosphere, it was hidden and only brought to paleoanthropologists in 2018. The original describers postulated ''H. longi'' represents a member of the Denisovans, though this is unconfirmable without genetic testing. They also considered modern humans to be more closely related to ''H. longi'' than to the European Neanderthals, but DNA evidence suggests Denisovans are more closely related to Neanderthals than modern humans. ''H. longi'' is broadly anatomically similar to other Middle Pleistocene Chinese specimens. Like other archaic humans, the skull is low and long, with massively developed brow ridg ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Encephalization Quotient
Encephalization quotient (EQ), encephalization level (EL), or just encephalization is a relative brain size measure that is defined as the ratio between observed to predicted brain mass for an animal of a given size, based on nonlinear regression on a range of reference species. It has been used as a proxy for intelligence and thus as a possible way of comparing the intelligences of different species. For this purpose it is a more refined measurement than the raw brain-to-body mass ratio, as it takes into account allometric effects. Expressed as a formula, the relationship has been developed for mammals and may not yield relevant results when applied outside this group. Perspective on intelligence measures Encephalization quotient was developed in an attempt to provide a way of correlating an animal's physical characteristics with perceived intelligence. It improved on the previous attempt, brain-to-body mass ratio, so it has persisted. Subsequent work, notably Roth, found ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hualong Cave
Hualong Cave () is a cave in Pangwang village in Dongzhi County, Anhui Province, China, and situated on the southern bank of Yangtze. It is located on the side of Meiyuan Hill. Palaeontological interest started in 2004 when a farmer accidentally found bones that were later identified as mammalian fossils. Excavations started in 2006 by paleontologists from the Chinese Academy of Sciences. It has yielded many stone tools and over 30 human fossils, and animal bones including those of ''Ailuropoda'', ''Arctonyx'', '' Bubalus'', ''Sinomegaceros'', ''Stegodon'', giant tapir, and giant pandas. The most notable fossils are that of a ''Homo erectus'' (dubbed Dongzhi Man) described in 2014, and that of a 300,000-year-old archaic human discovered in 2019. Stone tool Hualong Cave shows the lifestyle of humans in the Paleolithic Age. Bone tools were used for cutting animals but not for hunting. More than 100 stone tools have been discovered. These stone tools were made from siliceous rocks. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Denisovans
The Denisovans or Denisova hominins ) are an extinct species or subspecies of archaic human that ranged across Asia during the Lower and Middle Paleolithic. Denisovans are known from few physical remains and consequently, most of what is known about them comes from DNA evidence. No formal species name has been established pending more complete fossil material. The first identification of a Denisovan individual occurred in 2010, based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) extracted from a juvenile female finger bone excavated from the Siberian Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains in 2008. Nuclear DNA indicates close affinities with Neanderthals. The cave was also periodically inhabited by Neanderthals, but it is unclear whether Neanderthals and Denisovans ever cohabited in the cave. Additional specimens from Denisova Cave were subsequently identified, as was a single specimen from the Baishiya Karst Cave on the Tibetan Plateau. DNA evidence suggests they had dark skin, eyes, and hair, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xiahe Mandible
The Xiahe mandible (, ) is a hominin fossil jaw (mandible) discovered in Baishiya Karst Cave, located on the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau in Xiahe County, Gansu, China. By the use of palaeoproteomic analysis, it is the first confirmed discovery of a Denisovan fossil outside of Denisova Cave, and the most complete confirmed Denisovan fossil. This fossil discovery shows that archaic hominins were present in a high-altitude, low-oxygen environment around 160,000 years ago. ''Discover'', '' Science News'' and ''Nova'' all named the discovery of the mandible in their lists of Top Science Stories of 2019. History The Xiahe mandible was discovered in 1980 in the Baishiya Karst Cave, located on the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau in Xiahe County, Gansu, China. It was found by a Tibetan Buddhist monk who was meditating in the cave. He passed the bone to , the sixth tulku, who recognized it as an important hominin fossil and gave it to geologist Dong Guangrong o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leptoptilos Lüi
''Leptoptilos lüi'' is an extinct species of large-bodied Leptoptilini stork that existed during the Middle Pleistocene. Along with '' Aegypius jinniushanensis'', ''L. lüi'' is one of several new species of extinct birds discovered at Jinniushan, Liaoning, China. The extinct stork is named after Professor Zun-e Lü. Extant members of the genus ''Leptoptilos'' are today found only found in the African and Asian tropics. ''L. lüi'' is the only member of ''Leptoptilos'' from the Pleistocene so far to have been discovered outside of its modern range. Description ''L. lüi'' is one of the largest ''Leptoptilos'' on record and might be larger than '' Leptoptilos titan'' and ''Leptoptilos robustus''. The humerus and proximal phalanx The phalanges (singular: ''phalanx'' ) are digital bones in the hands and feet of most vertebrates. In primates, the thumbs and big toes have two phalanges while the other digits have three phalanges. The phalanges are classed as long bones. ... ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zhoukoudian
Zhoukoudian Area () is a town and an area located on the east Fangshan District, Beijing, China. It borders Nanjiao and Fozizhuang Townships to its north, Xiangyang, Chengguan and Yingfeng Subdistricts to its east, Shilou and Hangcunhe Towns to its south, and Xiayunling Town to its west. Its population was 41,868 in the 2020 census. History Administrative Divisions In 2021, Zhoukoudian Area was formed by 29 subdivisions, of those 5 were communities and 24 were villages: Landmark * Zhoukoudian Peking Man Site Zhoukoudian Peking Man Site (), also romanized as Choukoutien, is a cave, cave system in suburban Fangshan District, Beijing. It has yielded many archaeology, archaeological discoveries, including one of the first specimens of ''Homo erectus'' (' ... See also * List of township-level divisions of Beijing References {{authority control Fangshan District Towns in Beijing ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Yunxian Crania
Yunyang District (), formerly Yun County or Yunxian (), is a district of the prefecture-level city of Shiyan in northwestern Hubei Province, China. It borders the provinces of Henan (to the northeast) and Shaanxi (to the north and west). The district spans an area of 3,863 square kilometers, and has a population of 558,355 as of 2010. In 1992 crania of a species of ''Homo'' were found, dated to 900,000 years ago, and showing features of both ''Homo erectus'' and ''Homo sapiens''. Geography Approximately 60% of the district is forested. The Han River runs through the district, as well as its tributary Du River, and the . Climate Administrative divisions The district administers 16 towns, 3 townships, and 1 township-level forestry area. The district's 16 towns are , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and . The district's 3 townships are Daliu Township, , and . The district also administers the Hongyanbei Forestry Area (), which operates as a township-level division. Econom ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Homo Erectus
''Homo erectus'' (; meaning "upright man") is an extinct species of archaic human from the Pleistocene, with its earliest occurrence about 2 million years ago. Several human species, such as '' H. heidelbergensis'' and '' H. antecessor'' — with the former generally considered to have been the ancestor to Neanderthals, Denisovans, and modern humans — appear to have evolved from ''H. erectus''. Its specimens are among the first recognizable members of the genus ''Homo''. ''H. erectus'' was the first human ancestor to spread throughout Eurasia, with a continental range extending from the Iberian Peninsula to Java. Asian populations of ''H. erectus'' may be ancestral to '' H. floresiensis'' and possibly to '' H. luzonensis''. The last known population of ''H. erectus'' is '' H. e. soloensis'' from Java, around 117,000–108,000 years ago. ''H. erectus'' had a more modern gait and body proportions, and was the first human species to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cranial Capacity
The size of the brain is a frequent topic of study within the fields of anatomy, biological anthropology, animal science and evolution. Brain size is sometimes measured by weight and sometimes by volume (via MRI scans or by skull volume). Neuroimaging intelligence testing can be used to study the volumetric measurements of the brain. Regarding "intelligence testing", a question that has been frequently investigated is the relation of brain size to intelligence. This question is quite controversial and will be addressed further in the section on intelligence. The measure of brain size and cranial capacity is not just important to humans, but to all mammals. Humans In humans, the right cerebral hemisphere is typically larger than the left, whereas the cerebellar hemispheres are typically closer in size. The adult human brain weighs on average about . In men the average weight is about 1370 g and in women about 1200 g. The volume is around 1260 cm3 in men and 1130 &nbs ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
