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Jórunn Skáldmær
Jórunn skáldmær ("poet-maiden") was a Norwegian skald active in the first half of the 10th century. Only two stanzas and three half-stanzas of her ''Sendibítr'' ("Biting message") were preserved, mostly in Snorri Sturluson's works, such as ''Saga of Harald Fairhair'' and ''Skáldskaparmál''. The ''Sendibítr'', which deals with a conflict between Harald Fairhair and his son Halfdan the Black, is the longest recorded skaldic poem composed by a woman.Borovsky, Zoe. 1999. "Never in public: Women and performance in Old Norse Literature". ''Journal of American Folklore''. 112 (443): 6–39. See also * Hildr Hrólfsdóttir * Gunnhildr konungamóðir * Steinunn Refsdóttir Steinunn Refsdóttir was an Icelandic skald A skald, or skáld (Old Norse: ; , meaning "poet"), is one of the often named poets who composed skaldic poetry, one of the two kinds of Old Norse poetry in alliterative verse, the other being Eddic p ... Notes External linksJórunn's ''Sendibítr'' in the orig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Norway
Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. The remote Arctic island of Jan Mayen and the archipelago of Svalbard also form part of the Kingdom of Norway. Bouvet Island, located in the Subantarctic, is a Dependencies of Norway, dependency, and not a part of the Kingdom; Norway also Territorial claims in Antarctica, claims the Antarctic territories of Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land. Norway has a population of 5.6 million. Its capital and largest city is Oslo. The country has a total area of . The country shares a long eastern border with Sweden, and is bordered by Finland and Russia to the northeast. Norway has an extensive coastline facing the Skagerrak strait, the North Atlantic Ocean, and the Barents Sea. The unified kingdom of Norway was established in 872 as a merger of Petty kingdoms of Norway, petty kingdoms and has existed continuously for years. From 1537 to 1814, Norway ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Skald
A skald, or skáld (Old Norse: ; , meaning "poet"), is one of the often named poets who composed skaldic poetry, one of the two kinds of Old Norse poetry in alliterative verse, the other being Eddic poetry. Skaldic poems were traditionally composed to honor kings, but were sometimes Extemporaneous speaking, ex tempore. They include both extended works and single verses (''Lausavísa, lausavísur''). They are characteristically more ornate in form and diction than eddic poems, employing many kennings, which require some knowledge of Norse mythology, and heiti, which are formal nouns used in place of more prosaic synonyms. ''Dróttkvætt'' metre (poetry), metre is a type of skaldic verse form that most often use internal rhyme and alliteration. More than 5,500 skaldic verses have survived, preserved in more than 700 manuscripts, including in several sagas and in Snorri Sturluson's ''Prose Edda'', a handbook of skaldic composition that led to a revival of the art. Many of these vers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Snorri Sturluson
Snorri Sturluson ( ; ; 1179 – 22 September 1241) was an Icelandic historian, poet, and politician. He was elected twice as lawspeaker of the Icelandic parliament, the Althing. He is commonly thought to have authored or compiled portions of the ''Prose Edda'', which is a major source for what is today known about Norse mythology and alliterative verse, and , a history of the Norsemen, Norse kings that begins with legendary material in ''Ynglinga saga'' and moves through to early medieval History of Scandinavia, Scandinavian history. For stylistic and methodological reasons, Snorri is often taken to be the author of ''Egil's Saga''. He was assassinated in 1241 by men claiming to be agents of the King of Norway. Biography Early life Snorri Sturluson was born in (commonly transliterated as Hvamm or Hvammr) as a member of the wealthy and powerful Sturlungar family clan, Sturlungar clan of the Icelandic Commonwealth, in AD 1179. His parents were Sturla Þórðarson the Elder o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Saga Of Harald Fairhair
The Saga of Harald Fairhair (''Haralds saga hárfagra'') is the third of the sagas in Snorri Sturluson's ''Heimskringla'', after ''Ynglinga saga'' and the saga of Halfdan the Black. Snorri sagas were written in Iceland in the 1220s. This saga is about the Norwegian king Harald Fairhair. Content The saga is divided into 44 chapters. The saga begins with Harald taking over the kingdom at age 10 after the death of his father Halvdan. Halvdan probably had his royal seat at Ringerike (traditional district), Ringerike or Hadeland, and the kingdom included inner Eastern parts of Norway. After Halvdan's death several local kings tried to take over his empire but Harald defended it with the help of his uncle Guttorm. The saga tells us about Harald's proposal to the princess Gyda Eiriksdatter who refused to marry someone who was king of a small kingdom. She is thereby given credit for having spurred Harald to the adventures recounted in this collection of works. Snorri goes on about H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Skáldskaparmál
''Skáldskaparmál'' (Old Norse: 'Poetic Diction' or 'The Language of Poetry'; ; ) is the second part of the ''Prose Edda'', compiled by Snorri Sturluson. It consists of a dialogue between Ægir, the divine personification of the sea, and Bragi, the god of poetry, in which both stories of the Æsir and discourse on the nature of poetry are intertwined. The work additionally includes tales of human heroes and kings. The overarching mythological setup gradually fades and the work becomes more of an early form of a poetic thesaurus of Old Norse, presumably intended for usage by skalds (Norse poets and bards of the era). Much of the work is focused on poetic phrases and descriptors. The origin of these '' kennings'' is given; Bragi delivers a systematic list of ''kennings'' for various Æsir, people, places, and things. He then goes on to discuss poetic language in some detail, in particular '' heiti'', essentially poetic synonyms or alternate words. For example, the simple ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Harald I Of Norway
Harald Fairhair (; – ) was a Norwegian king. According to traditions current in Norway and Iceland in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, he reigned from 872 to 930 and was the first King of Norway. Supposedly, two of his sons, Eric Bloodaxe and Haakon the Good, succeeded Harald to become kings after his death. Much of Harald's biography is uncertain. A couple of praise poems by his court poet Þorbjörn Hornklofi survive in fragments, but the extant accounts of his life come from sagas set down in writing around three centuries after his lifetime. His life is described in several of the Kings' sagas, none of them older than the twelfth century. Their accounts of Harald and his life differ on many points, but it is clear that in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries Harald was regarded as having unified Norway into one kingdom. Since the nineteenth century, when Norway was in a personal union with Sweden, Harald has become a national icon of Norway and a symbol of ind ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hildr Hrólfsdóttir
Hildr or Ragnhildr Hrólfsdóttir was a 9th-century woman who is referenced in various Old Norse sources including '' Óláfs saga helga'', ''Orkneyinga saga'', and ''Landnámabók'' and is also one of the few female skalds from whom verses survive. According to the sagas, Hild was the daughter of Rolv Nefia (''Hrólfr nefja''), jarl at Trondhjem (modern Trondheim). In the ''Orkneyinga saga'', the daughter of Rolv Nefia is called Ragnhild, although in the ''Heimskringla'' she is called Hild. Her father used to go on viking expeditions. One summer he plundered in Vík. This aroused King Harald Fairhair's anger and he was banished. Hild appealed unsuccessfully for clemency for her father. On this occasion she composed a skaldic stanza (''lausavísa''), which is one of the few examples of skaldic poetry composed by a woman that have come down to us. She was married to Rognvald Eysteinsson, who was the jarl of Møre. They had three sons: Ivar (''Ívarr''), Thorir (''Þórir''), ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gunnhildr Konungamóðir
Gunnhildr konungamóðir (''mother of kings'') or Gunnhildr Gormsdóttir, whose name is often Anglicised as Gunnhild (c. 910 – c. 980), is a quasi-historical figure who appears in the Icelandic Sagas, according to which she was the wife of Eric Bloodaxe (King of Norway 930–934, King of Orkney c. 937–954, and King of Jórvík 948–49 and 952–954). She appears prominently in sagas such as ''Fagrskinna'', ''Egils saga'', ''Njáls saga'', ''Heimskringla'', and ''Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar en mesta''. The sagas relate that Gunnhild lived during a time of great change and upheaval in Norway. Her father-in-law Harald Fairhair had recently united much of Norway under his rule. Shortly after his death, Gunnhild and her husband Eric Bloodaxe were overthrown and exiled. She spent much of the rest of her life in exile in Orkney, Jorvik and Denmark. A number of her many children with Eric became co-rulers of Norway in the late tenth century. Historicity Many of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Steinunn Refsdóttir
Steinunn Refsdóttir was an Icelandic skald A skald, or skáld (Old Norse: ; , meaning "poet"), is one of the often named poets who composed skaldic poetry, one of the two kinds of Old Norse poetry in alliterative verse, the other being Eddic poetry. Skaldic poems were traditionally compo ... active at the end of the 10th century. Two verses by her are preserved, in which she taunts the missionary Þangbrandr. The daughter of Refr ''hinn mikill'' ("the Great") and Finna, Steinunn was both descended from and married into a powerful family of Old Norse religion, heathen priest-chieftains (''goðar''). She was the mother of the skald Hofgarða-Refr Gestsson. ''Kristni saga'' (9) and ''Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar en mesta'' (216) quote two skaldic poetry, skaldic verses (''lausavísur'') in which she taunts Þangbrandr, a missionary sent to Iceland by the Norwegian king Óláfr Tryggvason, attributing his shipwreck to the gods and especially Thor, with Christ having offered no help. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
10th-century Norwegian Women
1 (one, unit, unity) is a number, numeral, and glyph. It is the first and smallest positive integer of the infinite sequence of natural numbers. This fundamental property has led to its unique uses in other fields, ranging from science to sports, where it commonly denotes the first, leading, or top thing in a group. 1 is the unit of counting or measurement, a determiner for singular nouns, and a gender-neutral pronoun. Historically, the representation of 1 evolved from ancient Sumerian and Babylonian symbols to the modern Arabic numeral. In mathematics, 1 is the multiplicative identity, meaning that any number multiplied by 1 equals the same number. 1 is by convention not considered a prime number. In digital technology, 1 represents the "on" state in binary code, the foundation of computing. Philosophically, 1 symbolizes the ultimate reality or source of existence in various traditions. In mathematics The number 1 is the first natural number after 0. Each natural number, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
