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Junius (writer)
Junius was the Pen name, pseudonym of an anonymous British writer who contributed a series of letters to the ''Public Advertiser'', a London-based political newspaper run by Henry Sampson Woodfall, from 21 January 1769 to 21 January 1772. The signature had been already used, apparently by the same writer, in a letter written on 21 November 1768. These works, along with numerous other personal letters, were included in his ''1772 Letters of Junius, Letters of Junius'' collection that was published in 1772. Choice of "Junius" as a pseudonym The name may have been chosen because the same author had already signed Lucius and Brutus, and wished to exhaust the name of Lucius Junius Brutus, the Roman Republic, Roman patriot who led the overthrow of the Roman monarchy. Alternatively, the name may have been derived from the Roman poet Juvenal, who was thought also to have had the Roman naming conventions, nomen Junius. Some say that the author of the Junius letters had previously writte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
James Lonsdale (1777-1839) - Sir Philip Francis - NPG 334 - National Portrait Gallery
James Lonsdale may refer to: *James Lonsdale (Irish politician) (1865–1921), Unionist member of the British Parliament from Ireland (now Northern Ireland) *James Lonsdale (painter) (1777–1839), fashionable and prolific English portrait painter *James John Lonsdale (1810–1886), English judge, writer and secretary to the Criminal Law Commission *James Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale (1736–1802), member of the British Parliament from various places in England *James Lowther, 7th Earl of Lonsdale (1922–2006), British peer See also *James Lonsdale-Bryans (1893–1981), writer, British amateur diplomat and Nazi sympathiser {{hndis, Lonsdale, James ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Scottish People
Scottish people or Scots (; ) are an ethnic group and nation native to Scotland. Historically, they emerged in the Scotland in the Early Middle Ages, early Middle Ages from an amalgamation of two Celtic peoples, the Picts and Gaels, who founded the Kingdom of Scotland (or ''Kingdom of Alba, Alba'') in the 9th century. In the following two centuries, Celtic-speaking Hen Ogledd, Cumbrians of Kingdom of Strathclyde, Strathclyde and Germanic-speaking Anglo-Saxons, Angles of Northumbria became part of Scotland. In the Scotland in the High Middle Ages, High Middle Ages, during the 12th-century Davidian Revolution, small numbers of Normans, Norman nobles migrated to the Lowlands. In the 13th century, the Norse-Gaels of the Kingdom of the Isles, Western Isles became part of Scotland, followed by the Norsemen, Norse of the Northern Isles in the 15th century. In modern usage, "Scottish people" or "Scots" refers to anyone whose linguistic, cultural, family ancestral or genetic origin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paymaster Of The Forces
The Paymaster of the Forces was a position in the British government. The office was established in 1661, one year after the Restoration (1660), Restoration of the Monarchy to Charles II of England, and was responsible for part of the financing of the British Army, in the improved form created by Oliver Cromwell during the Commonwealth of England, Commonwealth. The full title was Paymaster-General of His Majesty's Forces. It was abolished in 1836, near the end of the reign of William IV, and was replaced by the new post of Paymaster General. History The first to hold the office was Sir Stephen Fox (1627–1716), an exceptionally able administrator who had remained a member of the household of King Charles II during his exile in France. Before his time, and before the English Civil War, Civil War, there was no standing army and it had been the custom to appoint treasurers-at-war, ''ad hoc'', for campaigns. Within a generation of the Restoration, the status of the paymastership ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Richard Rigby
Richard Rigby PC (February 1722 – 8 April 1788), was an English civil servant and politician who sat in the British House of Commons for 43 years from 1745 to 1788. He served as Chief Secretary for Ireland and Paymaster of the Forces. Rigby accumulated a fortune serving the Crown and politician wheeler-dealers in the dynamic 18th-century parliament. Background and education The Rigby family took Mistley Hall in Essex as the site of their manor, but was descended from the Rigby of Burgh family. Rigby's father and immediate ancestors made a fortune as merchant drapers in the City of London, as merchants and colonial officers in the West Indies, and as speculators in the South Sea Bubble. Richard Rigby's father also had the same name, and was significant in the history of Jamaica, serving as its secretary, the provost marshal, and a member of the Royal Assembly in the late 17th and early 18th century. He was also part-owner of a plantation in Antigua and a slave trader. His el ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Henry Lawes Luttrell
General Henry Lawes Luttrell, 2nd Earl of Carhampton PC (7 August 1743 – 25 April 1821) was a British Army officer and politician, who both in public and private life attracted scandal. He was spurned by colleagues in the British House of Commons who believed that in the election of 1769 he had played an underhand role in denying his seat to the popular choice, the reformer John Wilkes. In 1788 he was publicly accused in Dublin of raping a twelve-year-old girl. Ten years later, his command in the suppression of the Irish rebellion of 1798 was criticised by fellow officers for its savagery, and not least against women. His last years in Parliament were marked by his opposition to Catholic Emancipation, and to parliamentary reform. Early years Luttrell was born in Cranford, Middlesex, the scion of an Anglo-Irish landed family, descendants of Sir Geoffrey de Luterel, who established Luttrellstown Castle, County Dublin, in the early 13th century. His grandfather, Henry Luttrell ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bloomsbury Gang
The Bloomsbury Gang, also known as the Bedford party, was a political party formed in the United Kingdom in 1765 by John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford. The group took its name from Bloomsbury, a district of central London now in the London Borough of Camden The London Borough of Camden () is a London boroughs, borough in Inner London, England. Camden Town Hall, on Euston Road, lies north of Charing Cross. The borough was established on 1 April 1965 from the former Metropolitan boroughs of the Cou .... References Political parties established in 1765 History of the London Borough of Camden Defunct political parties in the United Kingdom 1765 establishments in Great Britain Bloomsbury {{UK-party-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Russell, 4th Duke Of Bedford
John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford (30 September 17105 January 1771) was a British Whigs (British political party), Whig statesman and peer who served as the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland from 1757 to 1761. A leading member of the Whig party during the Seven Years' War, he negotiated the 1763 Treaty of Paris (1763), Treaty of Paris which ended the conflict. Bedford was also an early promoter of cricket and a Patronage, patron of the arts who commissioned numerous works from prominent artists, most notably Canaletto.G.E. Cokayne; with Vicary Gibbs, H.A. Doubleday, Geoffrey H. White, Duncan Warrand and Lord Howard de Walden, editors, The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct or Dormant, new ed., 13 volumes in 14 (1910–1959; reprint in 6 volumes, Gloucester, U.K.: Alan Sutton Publishing, 2000), volume II, page 82-84, volume VIII, page 500.Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage and Baronetage, 106th edition, 2 volumes (C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lord North
Frederick North, 2nd Earl of Guilford (13 April 17325 August 1792), better known by his courtesy title Lord North, which he used from 1752 to 1790, was Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1770 to 1782. He led Great Britain through most of the American Revolutionary War. He also held a number of other cabinet posts, including Home Secretary and Chancellor of the Exchequer. North's reputation among historians has varied wildly, reaching its lowest point in the late 19th century, when he was depicted as a creature of the king and an incompetent who lost the American colonies. In the early 20th century, a revised view emerged which emphasised his strengths in administering the Treasury, handling the House of Commons, and in defending the Church of England. Historian Herbert Butterfield, however, argued that his indolence was a barrier to efficient crisis management; he neglected his role in supervising the entire war effort. Early life Birth and family North was born in London ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
William Draper (general)
Lieutenant General Sir William Draper KB (1721 – 8 January 1787), was a British Army officer who led the expedition which captured Manila in 1762 during the Seven Years' War. Later during the American War of Independence he played a more controversial role in the spirited but unsuccessful defence of Menorca as the island's second in command to James Murray. Draper took a keen interest in the early sport of cricket in England and played a role in the 1774 meeting which agreed on an early set of cricket rules including the leg before wicket rule. Biography Draper was born in Bristol, then the second largest city in England, to a young customs officer. His father died the following year and the family struggled financially for many years, spending some time in British India. Draper was educated at Bristol Cathedral School, then Eton, to which he won a scholarship in 1733, and King's College, Cambridge. In 1744, during the War of the Austrian Succession, he was joined th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Commander-in-Chief Of The Forces
Commander-in-Chief of the Forces, later Commander-in-Chief, British Army, or just Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C), was (intermittently) the title of the professional head of the English Army from 1660 to 1707 (the English Army, founded in 1645, was succeeded in 1707 by the new British Army, incorporating existing Scottish regiments) and of the British Army from 1707 until 1904. The office was replaced in 1904 with the creation of the Army Council and the title of Chief of the General Staff. Republican origins In earlier times, supreme command of the Army had been exercised by the monarch in person. In 1645, after the outbreak of the English Civil War, Parliament appointed Thomas Fairfax "Captain General and Commander-in-Chief of all the armies and forces raised and to be raised within the Commonwealth of England". Thomas Fairfax was the senior-most military officer, having no superior, and held great personal control over the army and its officers. Lord Fairfax was styled "Lord G ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Manners, Marquess Of Granby
Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom), Lieutenant-General John Manners, Marquess of Granby (2 January 1721 – 18 October 1770) was a British Army officer and politician. The eldest son of John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland, as he did not outlive his father and inherit the dukedom, Manners was known by his father's subsidiary title, Duke of Rutland, Marquess of Granby. He served in the military during the Jacobite rising of 1745 and the Seven Years' War, being subsequently rewarded with the post of Commander-in-Chief of the Forces. Manners was popular with the troops who served under him and many British pubs are still named after him today. Early life John Manners was born in Kelham, Nottinghamshire on 2 January 1721. He was the eldest son of John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland and his wife, Lady Bridget Manners (née Sutton). Manners was educated at Eton College, graduating from there in 1732 before attending Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1738. In 1740, Manner ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Immorality
Immorality is the violation of moral laws, norms or standards. It refers to an agent doing or thinking something they know or believe to be wrong. Immorality is normally applied to people or actions, or in a broader sense, it can be applied to groups or corporate bodies, and works of art. Ancient Greece Callicles and Thrasymachus are two characters of Plato's dialogues, Gorgias and Republic, respectively, who challenge conventional morality. Aristotle saw many vices as excesses or deficits in relation to some virtue, as cowardice and rashness relate to courage. Some attitudes and actionssuch as envy, murder, and thefthe saw as wrong in themselves, with no question of a deficit/excess in relation to the mean. Religion In Islam, Judaism and Christianity, sin is a central concept in understanding immorality. Immorality is often closely linked with both religion and sexuality. Max Weber saw rational articulated religions as engaged in a long-term struggle with more phys ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
