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Juan José De Austria
John Joseph of Austria or John of Austria (the Younger) (; 7 April 1629 – 17 September 1679) was a Spanish general and political figure. He was the only illegitimate son of Philip IV of Spain to be acknowledged by the King and trained for military command and political administration. Don John advanced the causes of the Spanish Crown militarily and diplomatically in Naples, Sicily, Catalonia, the Netherlands, Portugal, Dunkirk, and other fronts. He was the governor of the Spanish Netherlands from 1656 to 1659. He remained a popular hero even as the fortunes of Imperial Spain began to decline. His feuds with his father's widow, Queen Mariana of Austria, led to a 1677 palace coup through which he exiled Mariana and took control of the monarchy of his half-brother Charles II of Spain. However, he proved far from the saviour Spain had hoped he would be. He remained in power until his death in 1679. Early life His mother was María "La Calderona" Calderón, a popular actress ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prime Minister Of Spain
The prime minister of Spain, officially president of the Government (), is the head of government of Spain. The prime minister nominates the Spanish government departments, ministers and chairs the Council of Ministers (Spain), Council of Ministers. In this sense, the prime minister establishes the Government of Spain, Government policies and coordinates the actions of the Cabinet members. As chief executive, the prime minister also advises the Monarchy of Spain, monarch on the exercise of their royal prerogatives. Although it is not possible to determine when the position actually originated, the office of prime minister evolved throughout history to what it is today. The role of prime minister (then called Secretary of State) as president of the Council of Ministers, first appears in a royal decree of 1824 by King Ferdinand VII of Spain, Ferdinand VII. The current office was established during the reign of Juan Carlos I, in the Constitution of Spain, 1978 Constitution, which ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mariana Of Austria
Mariana or Maria Anna of Austria (24 December 1634 – 16 May 1696), was Queen of Spain from 1649 until the death of her husband Philip IV of Spain in 1665. Appointed regent for their infant son Charles II, she remained an influential figure until her death in 1696. Her regency was overshadowed by Spain's post-1648 decline and internal political divisions, combined with a general European economic crisis during the latter half of the 17th century. Her son's failure to produce an heir ultimately ended in the 1701 to 1714 War of the Spanish Succession. Birth and early years Maria Anna was born on 24 December 1634 in Wiener Neustadt, second child of Maria Anna of Spain and her husband Ferdinand (1608–1657), who became Holy Roman Emperor in 1637. Her parents had three children who survived into adulthood, Mariana and her two brothers, Ferdinand (1633–1654), and Leopold (1640–1705), elected emperor in 1658. In 1646, Maria Anna was betrothed to her cousin Balthasar Char ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Capture Of The Galleon Lion Couronné
The Capture of the galleon ''Lion Couronné'' was a naval engagement that took place off Formentera on 17 June 1651, during the Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659). A squadron of eleven Spanish galleys under John of Austria the Younger captured the French galleon ''Lion Couronné'' after a fight. Events Background In early 1651, the Spaniards began preparations for a military campaign against the Catalan Revolt and its ally France, taking advantage of several favorable circumstances to carry it out. The viceroy of Sicily, John of Austria, was chosen by the Spanish government to lead this campaign, which consisted of recovering Barcelona. On May 28, John sailed from Palermo to Catalonia with a squadron of eleven galleys and four transport ships with 40,000 bushels of wheat. Six of the galleys were from Naples, under Alvaro de Meló, due to the temporary absence of Commander Joanetín Doria; and five galleys from Sicily, under the Marquis of Bayonne. Capture On the way to Catalonia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reapers' War
The Reapers' War (, ; , ), also known as the Catalan Revolt or Catalan Revolution, was a conflict that affected the Principality of Catalonia between 1640 and 1659, in the context of the Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659), Franco-Spanish War of 1635–1659. Being the result of a revolutionary process carried out by Catalan peasantry and institutions, as well as Kingdom of France, French diplomatic movements, it saw the brief establishment of a Catalan Republic (1640–1641), Catalan Republic and the clash of Spanish and French armies on Catalan soil over more than a decade. It had an enduring effect in the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659), which ceded the County of Roussillon and the northern half of the County of Cerdanya to France (see French Cerdagne), splitting these northern Catalan territories off from the Principality of Catalonia, and thereby receding the borders of Spain to the Pyrenees. Background The war had its roots in the discomfort generated in Catalan society by the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Henry II, Duke Of Guise
Henri II de Lorraine, 5th Duke of Guise, (4 April 1614, in Paris – 2 June 1664) was a French aristocrat and archbishop, the second son of Charles, Duke of Guise and Henriette Catherine de Joyeuse. Life At the age of fifteen, he became archbishop of Reims. According to Gédéon Tallemant des Réaux, he had a well known affair with the actress Marguerite Béguin during this time.Scott, Virginia (2010). Women on the stage in early modern France : 1540-1750''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. . The death of his eldest brother Francis in 1639 placed him in the dukedom the following year. He opposed Richelieu, and conspired with the count of Soissons, fighting in the Battle of La Marfée in 1641. For this, he was condemned to death, but fled to Brussels in 1641. His property was seized by the king in 1641, for crime of lèse-majesté. Reprieved, he returned in 1643 and his confiscated property was returned to him. Hoping to make good his family's ancient pretensions to the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rodrigo Ponce De León, 4th Duke Of Arcos
Rodrigo Ponce de León, 4th Duke of Arcos, (2 January 1602 – 1658) was a Grandee of Spain and a Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece. He served as Viceroy of Valencia and of Viceroy of Naples, Naples. Biography He was the son of Luis Ponce de León y Zúñiga (1573-1605), 5th Marquis of Zahara, son of the 3rd Duke of Arcos and of Victoria de Álvarez de Toledo y Colonna. His younger brother was Luis de Guzmán Ponce de Leon, Governor of the Duchy of Milan. He married Ana Francisca de Aragón y Córdoba, daughter of Enrique de Aragón Folc de Cardona y Córdoba, Enrique de Aragón, Duke of Segorbe, with whom he had three sons. As Viceroy of Naples, the Duke of Arcos suppressed a revolt by inhabitants of the city of Naples led by Masaniello but was soon faced with another revolt against Spanish rule, which resulted in the proclamation of the short-lived Neapolitan Republic (1647), Neapolitan Republic.Geoffrey Parker (historian), Geoffrey Parker: ''Global Crisis: War, Clim ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Masaniello
Tommaso Aniello (29 June 1620 – 16 July 1647), popularly known by the contracted name Masaniello (, ), was an Italian fisherman who became leader of the 1647 revolt against the rule of Habsburg Spain in the Kingdom of Naples. Name and place of birth Until recently it was believed that Masaniello was a native of Amalfi, when in fact he was born in Vico Rotto al Mercato, one of the many lanes around the market square in Naples. The source of this misunderstanding is that Amalfi was simply part of his name, but has been traditionally interpreted as a reference to his place of origin. Some sources do argue that Tommaso Aniello was born in Amalfi, where he was a friend of another unique character, Abbot Pirone, so named because he improperly used his habit to escape justice but who was, in reality, a bandit who would kill for a fee, and who would have been Tommaso's collaborator during the Neapolitan uprising. In 1896, the poet Salvatore Di Giacomo resolved the confusion around ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neapolitan Revolt Of 1647
The Neapolitan Revolt of 1647 was a popular revolt by the People of Naples led by Masaniello, Tommaso Aniello (known as Masaniello). Throughout the Thirty Years' War rage and discontent arose among the Neapolitan residents against the Duke of Arcos Rodrigo Ponce de León, 4th Duke of Arcos, Rodrigo Ponce. The rebellion was a success and the most famous event was the Fire of Piazza Mercato. Background The Thirty Years' War was very costly for the Spanish, and because of this, they put taxes on fruit and other ordinary foods. The people raged, so they followed the ideals of the previous revolt in Palermo and the latter succeeded, gaining the independence of the Neapolitan Republic (1647–1648), Neapolitan Republic. Aftermath The Republic did not last very long. A year later, the Spanish managed to restore the older Kingdom of Naples after John Joseph of Austria shelled the town and defeated the rebels with the famous tercios. References {{Reflist Neapolitan Republic (1647� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Naples
Naples ( ; ; ) is the Regions of Italy, regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 908,082 within the city's administrative limits as of 2025, while its Metropolitan City of Naples, province-level municipality is the third most populous Metropolitan cities of Italy, metropolitan city in Italy with a population of 2,958,410 residents, and the List of urban areas in the European Union, eighth most populous in the European Union. Naples metropolitan area, Its metropolitan area stretches beyond the boundaries of the city wall for approximately . Naples also plays a key role in international diplomacy, since it is home to NATO's Allied Joint Force Command Naples and the Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean. Founded by Greeks in the 1st millennium BC, first millennium BC, Naples is one of the oldest continuously inhabited urban areas in the world. In the eighth century BC, a colony known as Parthenope () was e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gaspar De Guzmán, Count-Duke Of Olivares
Gaspar de Guzmán y Pimentel, 1st Duke of Sanlúcar, 3rd Count of Olivares, , known as the Count-Duke of Olivares (taken by joining both Count of Olivares, his countship and Duke of Sanlúcar la Mayor, subsequent dukedom) (6 January 1587 – 22 July 1645), was a Spanish royal favourite () of Philip IV of Spain, Philip IV and minister. He was appointed as Grandee on 10 April 1621. A day after the ending of the Twelve Years' Truce in January 1643, he over-exerted Spain in foreign affairs and unsuccessfully attempted domestic reform. His policy of committing Habsburg Spain, Spain to recapture Dutch Republic, Holland led to a renewal of the Eighty Years' War while Spain was also embroiled in the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). In addition, his attempts to centralise power and increase wartime taxation led to revolts Reapers' War, in Catalonia and Portuguese Restoration War, in Portugal, which brought about his downfall. Rise to power Olivares was born in Rome in 1587, where his ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kingdom Of Toledo (Crown Of Castile)
The Kingdom of Toledo () was a realm in the central Iberian Peninsula, created after the capture of Toledo by Alfonso VI of León in 1085. It continued in existence until 1833; its region is currently within Spain. Background In April 1065, Emir Al-Muqtadir of Zaragoza besieged Barbastro, aided by 500 Sevillian knights. The governor, Count Ermengol III of Urgel, was killed in a sortie, and a few days later the city fell, whereupon the Spanish and French garrison was put to the sword, thus bringing an end to Pope Alexander II's Crusade of Barbastro against the Moors of Spain. At around the same time, Emir Al-Muqtadir broke off relationships with Castile, and Ferdinand I led a punitive expedition into Zaragoza—taking Alquezar—and then into Valencia. Despite being a tributary of Castile, emir Al-Mamun of Toledo led a force in support of his son-in-law, Emir Abd al-Malik. Mamun subsequently dethroned Abd al-Malik and incorporated Valencia into the Kingdom of Toledo. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
