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José Gaspar Rodríguez De Francia
José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia y Velasco () (6 January 1766 – 20 September 1840), also known as Doctor Francia or to Paraguayans of his time as Karai Guasu (in Guaraní, means "Great Lord"), was a Paraguayan lawyer, politician, statesman and the first dictator (1814–1840) of Paraguay following its 1811 independence from the Spanish Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. His official title was "Supreme and Perpetual Dictator of Paraguay", but he was popularly known as ''El Supremo''. He is considered to be the chief ideologue and political leader of the faction that advocated for the full independence of Paraguay from the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata and from the Empire of Brazil. Under his dictatorship, he isolated Paraguay from the external world. Early life and education Francia was born in Yaguarón, in modern-day Paraguarí Department. Francia's father was an officer turned tobacco planter from São Paulo, and his mother was a Paraguayan descende ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Consul Of Paraguay
The president of Paraguay (), officially known as the president of the Republic of Paraguay (), is the head of the executive branch of the government of Paraguay, serving as both head of state and head of government according to the Constitution of Paraguay. His honorific title is ''Su Excelencia''. The incumbent president of Paraguay is Santiago Peña, who took office on 15 August 2023. The presidential seat is the Palacio de los López, in Asunción. The presidential residence is the Mburuvichá Roga, also in Asunción. Once presidents leave office, they are granted by the Constitution of Paraguay the speaking-but-non-voting position of senator for life. Features of the office Requirements Article 228 of the Constitution of Paraguay, Constitution establishes that the president must be a naturalized citizen, be at least 35 years old, and have full political and civil rights. Election Article 230 of the Constitution establishes that the president and the Vice Presi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Portuguese People
The Portuguese people ( – masculine – or ''Portuguesas'') are a Romance languages, Romance-speaking ethnic group and nation Ethnic groups in Europe, indigenous to Portugal, a country that occupies the west side of the Iberian Peninsula in Southern Europe, south-west Europe, who share Culture of Portugal, culture, ancestry and Portuguese language, language. The Portuguese state began with the founding of the County of Portugal in 868. Following the Battle of São Mamede (1128), Portugal gained international recognition as a Kingdom of Portugal, kingdom through the Treaty of Zamora and the papal bull Manifestis Probatum. This Portuguese state paved the way for the Portuguese people to unite as a nation. The Portuguese Portuguese maritime exploration, explored Hic sunt Dracones, distant lands previously unknown to Europeans—in the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania (southwest Pacific Ocean). In 1415, with the conquest of Ceuta, the Portuguese took a significant role in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nigel Cawthorne
Nigel Cawthorne (born 27 March 1951 in Wolverhampton) is a British freelance writer and editor of both fiction and non-fiction. He is also a journalist and specializes in writing about history. According to Cawthorne's website, he has written more than 150 books on a wide range of subjects. He also contributed to ''The Guardian'', the ''Daily Mirror'', the ''Daily Mail'', and the ''New-York Tribune''. He has appeared on television and BBC Radio 4's ''Today'' programme. Works Series Prisoner of War series *''The Bamboo Cage: The Full Story of the American Servicemen Still Missing in Vietnam'' (1991) *''The Iron Cage: Are British Prisoners of War Abandoned in Soviet Hands Still Alive in Siberia?'' (1993) Sex Lives series *''Sex Lives of the Popes'' (1996) *''Sex Lives of the US Presidents'' (1996) *''Sex Lives of the Great Dictators'' (1996) *''Sex Lives of the Kings and Queens of England'' (1997) *''Sex Lives of the Hollywood Goddesses'' (1997) *''Sex Lives of the Hollywood Ido ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Theodolite
A theodolite () is a precision optical instrument for measuring angles between designated visible points in the horizontal and vertical planes. The traditional use has been for land surveying, but it is also used extensively for building and infrastructure construction, and some specialized applications such as meteorology and rocket launching. It consists of a moveable telescope mounted so it can rotate around horizontal and vertical axes and provide angular readouts. These indicate the orientation of the telescope, and are used to relate the first point sighted through the telescope to subsequent sightings of other points from the same theodolite position. These angles can be measured with accuracies down to microradians or seconds of arc. From these readings a plan can be drawn, or objects can be positioned in accordance with an existing plan. The modern theodolite has evolved into what is known as a total station where angles and distances are measured electronicall ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
May Revolution
The May Revolution () was a week-long series of events that took place from 18 to 25 May 1810, in Buenos Aires, capital of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. This Spanish colony included roughly the territories of present-day Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, and parts of Brazil. The result was the removal of Viceroy#Spanish Empire, Viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros and the establishment of a local government, the Primera Junta (''First Junta''), on 25 May. The May Revolution was a direct reaction to Peninsular War, Napoleon's invasion of Spain. In 1808, King Ferdinand VII of Spain Abdications of Bayonne, abdicated in favour of Napoleon, who granted the throne to his brother, Joseph Bonaparte. A Supreme Central and Governing Junta of the Kingdom (Spain), Supreme Central Junta led resistance to Joseph's government and the French occupation of Spain, but eventually suffered Peninsular War#Corunna campaign, 1808–1809, a series of reversals that resulted in th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pedro Juan Caballero (politician)
Pedro Juan Caballero (; 1786–1821) was a leading figure of Paraguayan independence. He was born in Tobatí, a town located Cordillera Department of Paraguay which was then part of the Spanish Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. He was one of the major leaders of the Revolution of May 14, 1811, despite being six years younger than the leading figure of Independence period Fulgencio Yegros and 20 years younger than the future dictator of Paraguay José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia. In 1820 he was accused of being involved in the conspiracy against Francia, and committed suicide in his cell on July 13, 1821. The Paraguayan city of Pedro Juan Caballero is named after him. War of 1811 Caballero participated in the Battle of Tacuarí and Battle of Paraguari against the army led by Manuel Belgrano. Paraguayan victory at the January 19, 1811 Battle of Paraguari forced Belgrano to retreat southward. On March 9, 1811, on the banks of River Tacuarí, while Belgrano awaited reinforc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
White People
White is a Race (human categorization), racial classification of people generally used for those of predominantly Ethnic groups in Europe, European ancestry. It is also a Human skin color, skin color specifier, although the definition can vary depending on context, nationality, ethnicity and point of view. Description of populations as "White" in reference to their skin color is occasionally found in Greco-Roman ethnography and other ancient or medieval sources, but these societies did not have any notion of a White race or pan-European identity. The term "White race" or "White people", defined by their light skin among other physical characteristics, entered the major European languages in the later seventeenth century, when the concept of a "unified White" achieved greater acceptance in Europe, in the context of racialization, racialized slavery and social status in the European colonies. Scholarship on Race (human categorization), race distinguishes the modern concept from ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Criollo People
In Hispanic America, criollo () is a term used originally to describe people of full Spaniards, Spanish descent born in the Viceroyalty, viceroyalties. In different Latin American countries, the word has come to have different meanings, mostly referring to the local-born majority. Historically, they have been misportrayed as a social class in the hierarchy of the Spanish colonization of the Americas, overseas colonies established by Spain beginning in the 16th century, especially in Hispanic America. They were locally born people — almost always of Spaniards, Spanish ancestry, but also sometimes of other Ethnic groups in Europe, European ethnic backgrounds. Their identity was strengthened as a result of the Bourbon reforms of 1700, which changed the Spanish Empire's policies toward its colonies and led to tensions between ''criollos'' and ''peninsulares''. The growth of local ''criollo'' political and economic strength in the separate colonies, coupled with their global geo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cabildo (council)
A cabildo () or ayuntamiento () was a Spanish Empire, Spanish colonial and early postcolonial administrative council that governed a municipality. Cabildos were sometimes appointed, sometimes elected, but were considered to be representative of all land-owning heads of medieval household, household (''vecinos''). The colonial cabildo was essentially the same as the one that was developed in Middle Ages, medieval Crown of Castile, Castile. The word ''cabildo'' has the same Latin root (''capitulum'') as the English word wiktionary:chapter, chapter and in fact is also the Spanish word for a cathedral chapter. Historically, the term ''ayuntamiento'' was often preceded by the word ''excelentísimo'' (English language, English: "most excellent") as a style (manner of address), style of office in referring to the council. That phrase is often abbreviated ''Exc.mo Ay.to'' History The Castilian cabildo has some similarities to the ancient Roman ''municipium'' and ''civitas'', especial ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
José Gaspar Rodríguez De Francia
José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia y Velasco () (6 January 1766 – 20 September 1840), also known as Doctor Francia or to Paraguayans of his time as Karai Guasu (in Guaraní, means "Great Lord"), was a Paraguayan lawyer, politician, statesman and the first dictator (1814–1840) of Paraguay following its 1811 independence from the Spanish Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. His official title was "Supreme and Perpetual Dictator of Paraguay", but he was popularly known as ''El Supremo''. He is considered to be the chief ideologue and political leader of the faction that advocated for the full independence of Paraguay from the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata and from the Empire of Brazil. Under his dictatorship, he isolated Paraguay from the external world. Early life and education Francia was born in Yaguarón, in modern-day Paraguarí Department. Francia's father was an officer turned tobacco planter from São Paulo, and his mother was a Paraguayan descende ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (, ; ; 28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778) was a Republic of Geneva, Genevan philosopher (''philosophes, philosophe''), writer, and composer. His political philosophy influenced the progress of the Age of Enlightenment throughout Europe, as well as aspects of the French Revolution and the development of modern political, economic, and educational thought. His ''Discourse on Inequality'', which argues that private property is the source of inequality, and ''The Social Contract'', which outlines the basis for a legitimate political order, are cornerstones in modern political and social thought. Rousseau's sentimental novel ''Julie, or the New Heloise'' (1761) was important to the development of preromanticism and romanticism in fiction. His ''Emile, or On Education'' (1762) is an educational treatise on the place of the individual in society. Rousseau's autobiographical writings—the posthumously published ''Confessions (Rousseau), Confessions'' (completed in 17 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Casta
() is a term which means "Lineage (anthropology), lineage" in Spanish and Portuguese and has historically been used as a racial and social identifier. In the context of the Spanish America, Spanish Empire in the Americas, the term also refers to a theoretical framework which postulates that colonial society operated under a hierarchical race-based "caste system". From the outset, colonial Spanish America resulted in widespread intermarriage: Miscegenation, unions of Spaniards (), Indigenous peoples of the Americas, indigenous people (), and List of ethnic groups of Africa, Africans (). Basic Multiracial people, mixed-race categories that appeared in official colonial documentation were , generally offspring of a Spaniard and an Indigenous person; and , offspring of a Spaniard and an African. A plethora of terms were used for people with mixed Spanish, Indigenous, and African ancestry in 18th-century casta paintings, but they are not known to have been widely used officially or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
