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Jilava Prison
Jilava Prison () is a prison located in Jilava, a village south of Bucharest, Romania. History The prison began as Fort 13, part of the fortifications of Bucharest built in the 1870s and 1880s. It served as an arms deposit and garrison until 1907, when people arrested during the peasants' revolt were brought there. It then served as a military prison until 1948. It held soldiers charged with insubordination and civilians accused of military offenses. During World War I, it first held soldiers who refused mobilization and then, after occupation by the Central Powers, Romanian prisoners of war. Members of the fledgling Romanian Communist Party were taken there in 1921 and after it was outlawed in 1924. During the Grivița strike of 1933, several communists were sent to Jilava, including Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, Chivu Stoica, Alexandru Drăghici, and Gheorghe Vasilichi. On the night of November 25/26, 1940, the Jilava massacre was carried out by members of the Iron Guard, who kill ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jilava
Jilava is a commune in Ilfov County, Muntenia, Romania, near Bucharest. It is composed of a single village, Jilava. The name derives from a Romanian word of Slavic origin ( Bulgarian жилав ''žilav'' (tough), which passed into Romanian as ''jilav'') meaning "humid place". In this commune there is an operating prison and also the Fort 13 Jilava. Fort 13 Jilava Jilava was the location of a fort built by King Carol I of Romania, as part of the capital's defense system. At a later date, the fort was converted into a prison. Jilava Prison is now a historical monument. This prison is the site where, on November 26–27, 1940, the Iron Guard authorities of the National Legionary State killed 64 political prisoners as revenge for the previous killing of their leader Corneliu Zelea Codreanu (see '' Jilava Massacre''); it was also here that Ion Antonescu, dictator ('' Conducător'') of Romania during World War II, was executed for war crimes in 1946 and where on 23 October 1971 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Romanian People's Tribunals
The two Romanian People's Tribunals (), the Bucharest People's Tribunal and the Northern Transylvania People's Tribunal (which sat in Cluj) were set up by the post-World War II government of Romania, overseen by the Allied Control Commission to try suspected war criminals, in line with Article 14 of the Armistice Agreement with Romania which said: "The Romanian Government and High Command undertake to collaborate with the Allied (Soviet) High Command in the apprehension and trial of persons accused of war crimes". References RICHR: Ch.12 - Trials of the war criminals, page 5 in Avalon Project at |
Ștefan Andrei
Ștefan Andrei (; 29 March 1931 – 31 August 2014) was a Romanian communist politician who served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Romania from 1978 to 1985. He was arrested after the 1989 overthrow of the Nicolae CeauÈ™escu regime. Early life Andrei was born to a very poor family in Oltenia, where the Romanian communist leader Nicolae CeauÈ™escu was also from. While a child he was a shepherd but, willing to continue his education, he eventually made his way into the leadership of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party. His doctoral thesis at the university covered the subject of international communist movements and was later used as reference in the central committee. In one of his articles on socialism he had published a few days before an official visit by the General Secretary of the CP of China, Hu Yaobang, he said: Andrei was often considered a very literate and benevolent man, a famous book collector enriching his collection from his trips abr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Romanian Revolution
The Romanian revolution () was a period of violent Civil disorder, civil unrest in Socialist Republic of Romania, Romania during December 1989 as a part of the revolutions of 1989 that occurred in several countries around the world, primarily within the Eastern Bloc. The Romanian revolution started in the city of Timișoara and soon spread throughout the country, ultimately culminating in the Trial and execution of Nicolae and Elena Ceaușescu, drumhead trial and execution of longtime Romanian Communist Party (PCR) General Secretary Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife Elena Ceaușescu, Elena, and the end of 42 years of Communist state, Communist rule in Romania. It was also the last removal of a Marxism–Leninism, Marxist–Leninist government in a Warsaw Pact country during the events of 1989, and the only one that violently overthrew a country's leadership and executed its leader; according to estimates, over one thousand people died and thousands more were injured. Following W ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Romani People In Romania
Romani people in Romania, locally and pejoratively referred to as the (), constitute the second largest ethnic minority in the country (the first being Hungarians). According to the 2021 census, their number was 569,477 people and 3.4% of the total population. The size of the total population of people with Romani ancestry in Romania is even more, with different estimates varying from 4.6 percent to over 10 percent of the population, because many people of Romani descent do not declare themselves Roma. For example, in 2007 the Council of Europe estimated that approximately 1.85 million Roma lived in Romania, based on an average between the lowest estimate (1.2 to 2.2 million people) and the highest estimate (1.8 to 2.5 million people) available at the time. This figure is equivalent to 8.32% of the population. On the other hand, less than half are native speakers of the Romani language. Origins History, genetics and linguistics all indicate the Roma originate from northern Indi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vin Americanii!
("The Americans are coming!") was a slogan used in Romania in the 1940s and 1950s, encapsulating the hope that an American-led invasion of Eastern Europe would topple the Soviet-backed, Communist-dominated government installed in early 1945. This notion helped sustain an anti-communist resistance movement and emboldened the civilians who aided it. Resistance groups The expectation of the resistance groups that had withdrawn into the mountains was that World War III would break out between the British and the Americans on one side and the Soviets on the other. Under that scenario, the Soviet troops then occupying Romania would be driven out by the United States Army with help from the local resistance. Groups in Transylvania were prepared to eliminate communist officials as soon as war began, and take control of their particular region. They built supply lines with the local population, gathered armaments, munitions and money, and developed plans to attack institutions and com ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Securitate
The Department of State Security (), commonly known as the Securitate (, ), was the secret police agency of the Socialist Republic of Romania. It was founded on 30 August 1948 from the '' Siguranța'' with help and direction from the Soviet MGB. The Securitate was, in proportion to Romania's population, one of the largest secret police forces in the Eastern bloc. The first budget of the Securitate in 1948 stipulated a number of 4,641 positions, of which 3,549 were filled by February 1949: 64% were workers, 4% peasants, 28% clerks, 2% persons of unspecified origin, and 2% intellectuals. By 1951, the Securitate's staff had increased fivefold, while in January 1956, the Securitate had 25,468 employees.Cristian Troncota"Securitatea: Începuturile", Magazin Istoric, 1998 At its height, the Securitate employed some 15,000 agents and almost half a million informants for a country with a population of 23 million by 1989. The Securitate under Nicolae Ceaușescu was one of the most br ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Communist Romania
The Socialist Republic of Romania (, RSR) was a Marxism–Leninism, Marxist–Leninist One-party state, one-party socialist state that existed officially in Romania from 1947 to 1989 (see Revolutions of 1989). From 1947 to 1965, the state was known as the Romanian People's Republic (, RPR). The country was an Eastern Bloc state and a member of the Warsaw Pact with a dominant role for the Romanian Communist Party enshrined in :Template:RomanianConstitutions, its constitutions. Geographically, RSR was bordered by the Black Sea to the east, the Soviet Union (via the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Ukrainian and Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, Moldavian SSRs) to the north and east, Hungarian People's Republic, Hungary and Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Yugoslavia (via Socialist Republic of Serbia, SR Serbia) to the west, and People's Republic of Bulgaria, Bulgaria to the south. As World War II ended, Kingdom of Romania, Romania, a former Axis powers, Axis membe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fortul 13
Fortul is one of the seven municipalities of the Colombian department of Arauca. It limits to the north with Saravena; to the south with Tame; to the east with Arauquita and to the west with Güicán. It was founded on January 7, 1920. According to the census conducted by the DANE in 2005, Fortul has a population of 25,379 inhabitants, of which 13,081 live in the municipal seat making it 49.5% women and 50.5% men. Economy The economic activities in the municipality are given by the sale of basic primary services and goods, as well as by some transformation of raw materials. The town has an organized trade of goods and consumption (stores, stores, restaurants, workshops, supplies and others). Three important activities in the town are livestock, agriculture, and the production of double cream cheese by some lactic micro-enterprises. The area of direct influence of the urban area on the territory is considered approximately 30% of its territory, since the neighboring municipalit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gheorghe Alexianu
Gheorghe Alexianu (January 1, 1897 – 1 June 1946) was a Romanian lawyer, high school teacher and associate professor who served as governor of Transnistria between 1941 and 1944. In 1946, he was accused and convicted of war crimes, crimes against peace and crimes against humanity; he was sentenced to death by the Bucharest People's Tribunal (sentence reconfirmed in the appeals of 2006 and 2008), and was executed on June 1, 1946, by shooting. Biography Professional and political career until 1940 Gheorghe Alexianu was born in Străoane, Putna County; he was the eldest son of an Aromanian shepherd from Pindus, Ovanez Alexean, a refugee in Wallachia to escape the forced islamization undertaken by the Turks in the second half of the 19th century. Ovanez arrived with herds of sheep in Moldavia, in the Panciu area, where he settled after a short time. In 1915 Alexianu began his law studies at the University of Bucharest. After Romania entered World War I, he enlist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Radu Lecca
Radu D. Lecca (February 15, 1890–1980) was a Romanian spy, journalist, civil servant and convicted War crime, war criminal. A World War I veteran who served a prison term for espionage in France during the early 1930s, he was a noted supporter of Antisemitism, antisemitic concepts and, after 1933, an agent of influence for Nazi Germany. While becoming a double agent for Romania's Serviciul Special de InformaÈ›ii, Special Intelligence Service (SSI), Lecca was involved in Fascism, fascist politics, gained in importance during World War II and the Romania during World War II, successive dictatorships, and eventually grew close to ''Conducător'' Ion Antonescu. After 1941, Lecca was Commissioner, later Commissioner General, tasked with solving the "Jewish Question" in Romania, sharing Holocaust in Romania, Romania's responsibility for the Holocaust. Advised by the special German envoys Manfred Freiherr von Killinger and Gustav Richter and acting with Antonescu's consent, he estab ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eugen Cristescu
Eugen Cristescu (3 April 1895 – 12 June 1950) was the second head of the Kingdom of Romania's domestic espionage agency, the Secret Intelligence Service (SSI), forerunner of today's SRI, convicted in 1946 as a war criminal. He previously served as head of SiguranÈ›a Statului, the secret police. Biography Early life Cristescu was born in Oituz, Bacău County into a large, poor family. His father Ioan was a schoolteacher there, while his mother's main occupation was raising her six sons and three daughters. His brothers were Ioan, chief of staff at the Ilfov County prefecture; Vasile, lieutenant colonel in the personal guard of Marshal Ion Antonescu; Mihai, commissioner at the Bucharest Prefecture; Mircea, employee of the Foreign Ministry's Protocol Service; and Gheorghe, head of the photo identification service and then a director in the Secret Intelligence Service of the Romanian Army, which on 13 November 1940, a day after Eugen became its head, was renamed the Special Inte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
