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Jean Jérôme
Jean Jérôme (1906–1990) was a French communist activist and Resistance member. Born as Michał Feintuch (in French Mikhaël or Michel), he took the pseudonym Jean Jérôme in 1940, until his death. Biography Born in Solotvyn, Galicia (part of Austria-Hungary) as one of the seven children of a vendor, he received a religious education in the local yeshiva (Jewish school), and spoke both Hebrew and Yiddish. He started work in menial jobs at a very young age, and he became a communist after Galicia was taken over by Poland at the end of World War I. Feintuch attended meetings of the newly formed and clandestine Communist Party of Poland at the age of sixteen, and he joined a trade union. After two successive arrests, he could no longer find employment, and he ultimately fled Poland in order to elude military service. He lived in Belgium after 1927, working in a steel plant. He also attended lectures at the University of Liège at about the same time. His political activ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Communism
Communism () is a political sociology, sociopolitical, political philosophy, philosophical, and economic ideology, economic ideology within the history of socialism, socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered on common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange that allocates products in society based on need.: "One widespread distinction was that socialism socialised production only while communism socialised production and consumption." A communist society entails the absence of private property and social classes, and ultimately money and the State (polity), state. Communists often seek a voluntary state of self-governance but disagree on the means to this end. This reflects a distinction between a Libertarian socialism, libertarian socialist approach of communization, revolutionary spontaneity, and workers' self-management, and an authoritarian socialism, authoritarian socialist, vanguardis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Giulio Ceretti
Giulio Ceretti, (1868–1934) was an Italian engineer and entrepreneur, active in the area of cable transport. Ceretti built the first aerial cableway with intermediate supports, and was one of the first engineers ever to design and install mechanical systems in harbours and dock yards in order to speed-up the loading and unloading of cargo ships. Career Ceretti was born in Bologna, and graduated from the Politecnico di Milano (Polytechnic Institute of Milan) in 1890, after studying at the Polytechnic Institute of Zurich in 1889. In 1894 he and his colleague, the engineer Vincenzo Tanfani, founded '' Ceretti & Tanfani''. In the same year, the company installed a small aerial cableway at the United Expositions Fair in Milan; this cableway had only one antecedent, built in the United States of America the previous year. In 1912, he built a cableway at Lana-San Vigilio, Merano; 2,2 km. long and 1153 metres high, it was the first example with intermediate supports r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, officially the Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and also known as the Hitler–Stalin Pact and the Nazi–Soviet Pact, was a non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, with a secret protocol establishing Soviet and German spheres of influence across Eastern Europe. The pact was signed in Moscow on 24 August 1939 (backdated 23 August 1939) by Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov and German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop. The treaty was the culmination of negotiations around Nazi–Soviet economic relations (1934–1941)#1938–1939 deal discussions, the 1938–1939 deal discussions, after tripartite discussions between the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and France had broken down. The Soviet-German pact committed both sides to neither aid nor ally itself with an enemy of the other for the following 10 years. Under the Secret Protocol, Second Polish Republic, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jacques Duclos
Jacques Duclos (; 2 October 189625 April 1975) was a French Communist politician and member of Communist International (Comintern) who played a key role in French politics from 1926, when he entered the French National Assembly after defeating Paul Reynaud, until 1969, when he won a substantial portion of the vote in the presidential elections. Biography Duclos was born in Louey, Hautes-Pyrénées in to a strictly religious single parent family. Duclos fought in the Battle of Verdun, where he was wounded. He was captured at Chemin des Dames, and remained a prisoner of war for the remainder of the war. In 1920, he joined the newly formed French Communist Party (PCF). He rose to the Central Committee in 1926, and defeated Léon Blum in the elections for deputy in the 20th arrondissement. He was named head of the propaganda section of the Party in 1936, and was elected to Vice-President of the French National Assembly. A Stalinist, Duclos was for more than 35 years the brain ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Popular Front (Spain)
The Popular Front () was an electoral alliance and pact formed in January 1936 to contest that year's general election by various left-wing political organizations during the Second Spanish Republic. The alliance was led by Manuel Azaña. In Catalonia and the modern-day Valencian Community, the coalition was known as the Front of the Lefts (). The Popular Front included the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), Communist Party of Spain (PCE), and the republicans: Republican Left (IR), (led by Azaña) and Republican Union (UR), led by Diego Martínez Barrio. This pact was supported by Galician ( PG) and Catalan nationalists ( ERC), the POUM, socialist union Workers' General Union (UGT), and the anarchist trade union, the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT). Many anarchists who would later fight alongside ''Popular Front'' forces during the Spanish Civil War did not support them in the election, urging abstention instead. The Comintern had decided in 1935 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil War () was a military conflict fought from 1936 to 1939 between the Republican faction (Spanish Civil War), Republicans and the Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War), Nationalists. Republicans were loyal to the Left-wing politics, left-leaning Popular Front (Spain), Popular Front government of the Second Spanish Republic. The opposing Nationalists were an alliance of Falangism, Falangists, monarchists, conservatives, and Traditionalism (Spain), traditionalists led by a National Defense Junta, military junta among whom General Francisco Franco quickly achieved a preponderant role. Due to the international Interwar period#Great Depression, political climate at the time, the war was variously viewed as class struggle, a War of religion, religious struggle, or a struggle between dictatorship and Republicanism, republican democracy, between revolution and counterrevolution, or between fascism and communism. The Nationalists won the war, which ended in early 1939, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Second Spanish Republic
The Spanish Republic (), commonly known as the Second Spanish Republic (), was the form of democratic government in Spain from 1931 to 1939. The Republic was proclaimed on 14 April 1931 after the deposition of Alfonso XIII, King Alfonso XIII. It was dissolved on 1 April 1939 after surrendering in the Spanish Civil War to the Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War), Nationalists led by General Francisco Franco. After the proclamation of the Republic, Provisional Government of the Second Spanish Republic, a provisional government was established until December 1931, at which time the Spanish Constitution of 1931, 1931 Constitution was approved. During the subsequent two years of constitutional government, known as the First Biennium, Reformist Biennium, Manuel Azaña's executive initiated numerous reforms. In 1932 religious orders were forbidden control of schools, while the government began a large-scale school-building project. A moderate agrarian reform was carried out. Home r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eugen Fried
Eugen Fried (13 March 1900 – 17 August 1943) was a Czechoslovak communist who played a leading role in the French Communist Party in the 1930s and early 1940s as the representative of the Communist International. He ensured that the party leaders were loyal to Joseph Stalin and followed the instructions of Moscow. He was ruthless but discreet, and stayed out of the public eye. Life 1900–21: Early years Eugen (Jenő) Fried was born on 13 March 1900 in Trnava, in what is now eastern Slovakia, to a family of Jewish small traders. He was a gifted student, and graduated from secondary school in 1917. He started to study chemistry at the University of Budapest but was unable to graduate due to the collapse of Austria-Hungary in 1918. He joined the Bolsheviks and from March to July 1919 participated in the revolution of Béla Kun that established the Hungarian Soviet Republic. When the republic collapsed he took refuge in the new country of Czechoslovakia. 1921–29: Communist Par ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Profintern
The Red International of Labor Unions (, RILU), commonly known as the Profintern (), was an international body established by the Communist International (Comintern) with the aim of coordinating communist activities within trade unions. Formally established in 1921, the Profintern aimed to act as a counterweight to the influence of the so-called "Amsterdam International", the social-democratic International Federation of Trade Unions (founded in 1919), an organization which the Comintern branded as " class-collaborationist" and as an impediment to revolution. After entering a period of decline in the middle 1930s, the Profintern was finally dissolved in 1937 with the advent of Comintern's " Popular Front" policy. Organizational history Preliminary organization In July 1920, at the behest of Comintern head Grigory Zinoviev, the 2nd World Congress of the Communist International established a temporary International Trade Union Council, commonly known by its Russian acronym, Mez ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
